scholarly journals The effect of oral contraceptive agents on the basal metabolic rate of young women

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwyn Diffey ◽  
Leonard S. Piers ◽  
Mario J. Soares ◽  
Kerin O'dea
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Contraceptive Agents

AbstractThe use of oral contraceptive agents by women may be a factor that contributes to the observed inter-individual variability in the BMR. We, therefore, measured the BMR, body build and composition in two groups of young women and also assessed their self-reported level of physical activity. One group had been using oral contraceptive agents for a period of 6 months or more (OCA, n 24), while the other group had never used oral contraceptives (NOCA, n 22). There were no significant differences in age, body build or composition. The absolute BMR in the two groups were not significantly different when compared using an unpaired t test (OCA: 5841 (SD 471) v. NOCA: 5633 (SD 615)kJ/d). However, using an analysis of covariance, with either body weight or a combination of fat and fat free mass as covariates, the OCA group had a BMR almost 5% higher than that of the NOCA group (OCA: 5871 v. NOCA: 5601 kJ/d; P=0·002). When those subjects with high self-reported levels of physical activity were excluded, the difference in BMR between the two groups persisted (P = 0·001). An ANOVA of oral contraceptives use and phase of menstrual cycle showed significant differences in BMR with use of oral contraceptives (P=0·004) but no difference in BMR between phases of the menstrual cycle. In conclusion, the ose of oral contraceptive agents deserves consideration when conducting and analysing data from studies on energy metabolism in young women, as it results in a significantly higher BMR.

Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Brun ◽  
Bruno Claustrat ◽  
Michel David
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

scholarly journals The risk of breast, cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Veljkovic ◽  
Slavimir Veljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction. Oral contraceptives, mainly combined monophasic pills, are widely used by young women who expect their physicians to prescribe them safe drugs which will not harm their health and which will simplify their life. Numerous epidemiologic studies have been performed to determine the relation between oral contraceptive use and the development of neoplasms. Breast cancer. An increased incidence of breast cancer has occurred simultaneously with the growing use of oral contraceptives. The possibility of a link between the oral contraceptive use and breast cancer has led to intensive research, but studies have provided inconsistent results causing confusion among clinicians. It was noticed that the risk of breast cancer was slightly elevated in current and recent young oral contraceptives users. That finding could be influenced by a detection bias or could be due to the biologic effect of the pills. The absolute number of additional breast cancer cases will be very small because of low baseline incidence of the disease in young women. Oral contraceptives probably promote growth of the already existing cancer, they are probably promoters not initiators of breast cancer. The available data do not provide a conclusive answer that is need. Cervical cancer. Numerous factors may influence the development of cervical cancer. The evidence suggests that current and recent oral contraceptive users have an increased risk of cervical cancer which decline after discontinuation of the application of medication. Oral contraceptives might increase the biological vulnerability of the cervix. Cervical cancer develops slowly over a long time period and can be effectively prevented by periodic cervical screening. Fortunately, oral contraceptives do not mask abnormal cervical citology. Conclusions regarding invasive cervical cancer and oral contraceptive use are not definitive but if there is any increased risk, it is low. Endometrial cancer. In oral contraceptive users the endometrium is almost under the influence of progestin component which suppresses endometrial mitotic activity and its proliferation. Most epidemiologic studies show that oral contraceptives reduce the risk of endometrial cancer and that this protective effect exists many years after the discontinuation of medication. Ovarian cancer. It has been long known that the oral contraceptive use causes protective an ovulation and reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. This powerful reduction is the best demonstrated major benefit of oral contraception. This protection is especially observed in nulliparous and seems to persist for many years after the discontinuation of medication.

Associations of oral contraceptive use and dietary restraint with bone speed of sound and bone turnover in university-aged women

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gioia Di Giovanni ◽  
Brian D. Roy ◽  
Kimberley L. Gammage ◽  
Diane Mack ◽  
Panagiota Klentrou
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Type I ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Bone Speed Of Sound

The associations of oral contraceptive use and cognitive dietary restraint with bone speed of sound (SOS) and bone turnover were investigated in 100 Canadian university-aged women (18–25 years old). Dietary restraint was assessed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and daily calcium intake (Ca++) was assessed by the rapid assessment method. Quantitative ultrasound was used to measure SOS at the tibia and radius. Bone formation was estimated from plasma osteocalcin (OC), 25-OH vitamin D, and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP). Bone resorption was determined from serum cross-linked N-teleopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) and plasma C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx). Weekly physical activity energy expenditure (WAeq) was assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and height, body mass, relative body fat (%BF), and chest, waist, and hip circumferences were also measured. Participants were divided into low and moderate to high dietary restrainers (LDRs and MDRs, respectively). These groups were further sub-divided into users and non-users of oral contraceptives. All groups had similar age at menarche, body composition, WAeq, and equally low levels of Ca++and vitamin D. Within the non-users of oral contraceptives, MDR exhibited a lower tibial SOS (p ≤ 0.024) and OC (p ≤ 0.009) than LDR. Moreover, amongst the LDR, the oral contraceptive users had a lower tibial SOS (p ≤ 0.015) and BAP (p ≤ 0.002) than non-users. These results show that bone SOS and bone turnover were influenced by oral contraceptives and cognitive dietary restraint among this population of young women independent of body composition and physical activity.

Zinc Excretion in Young Women on Low Zinc Intakes and Oral Contraceptive Agents

1977 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 1610-1620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances M. Hess ◽  
Janet C. King ◽  
Sheldon Margen
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Contraceptive Agents

Heart rate variability across the menstrual cycle in young women taking oral contraceptives

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1451-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L. Teixeira ◽  
Plínio S. Ramos ◽  
Lauro C. Vianna ◽  
Djalma R. Ricardo
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women

scholarly journals Changes in total choline concentration in the breast of healthy fertile young women in relation to menstrual cycle or use of oral contraceptives: a 3-T 1H-MRS study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Di Leo ◽  
Ileana Ioan ◽  
Maria Laura Luciani ◽  
Cecilia Midulla ◽  
Franca Podo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
1H Mrs

Oral Contraceptive Use does not Negatively Affect Body Composition and Strength Adaptations in Trained Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (13) ◽  
pp. 842-849
Author(s):  
Ramón Romance ◽  
Salvador Vargas ◽  
Sergio Espinar ◽  
Jorge L. Petro ◽  
Diego A. Bonilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use

AbstractThe purpose was to analyze the influence of oral contraceptive use on body composition and strength levels in trained women. Twenty-three resistance-trained women participated in this study (age=27.4±3.4 years; fat mass=28.0±5.0%; BMI=22.9±2.7 kg∙m-2). Subjects performed an 8-week non-linear resistance-training program. Participants were assigned to either a group that consumed oral contraceptives (n=12, OC) or to a group that did not consume (n=11, NOC). Changes in body composition were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Strength performance was assessed via the one maximum repetition (1RM) test in the squat and bench press, and muscular power was evaluated using the countermovement jump (CMJ) test. Fat free mass increased significantly in OC but no changes were seen in NOC. There were no changes in fat mass for either OC or NOC. Significant changes were found in bench press 1RM for both OC and NOC; similarly, increases in squat 1RM were reported in OC and NOC. Alternatively, no significant changes were found in CMJ in both OC and NOC. No significant between-group differences were detected in any of the studied variables. The use of oral contraceptives during resistance training did not negatively affect body composition or strength levels in trained women.

Idiopathic Thromboembolism Associated with Triphasic Oral Contraceptives

DICP ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 773-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Miwa ◽  
Ann L. Edmunds ◽  
Mark S. Shaefer ◽  
Stephen C. Raynor
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Thrombotic Event ◽  
Thromboembolic Disease ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Effective Contraception

Oral contraceptives are one of the most effective and widely used of the reversible contraceptive methods. Thromboembolic disease associated with the use of oral contraceptives has been widely reported. In recent years, attempts to understand the pathogenesis of oral contraceptive-induced thromboembolic disease have found a correlation between larger estrogen doses and increased risk for a thrombotic event. Because the newer triphasic oral contraceptives provide effective contraception with a method of administration that mimics normal hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, some prescribers may infer that these products are associated with a decreased incidence of adverse effects over alternative oral contraceptives. We present two cases of idiopathic thromboembolism associated with the use of a triphasic oral contraceptive with a discussion of the proposed pathogenic mechanisms for these events.

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