Oral contraceptives, androgens, and the sexuality of young women: I. A comparison of sexual experience, sexual attitudes, and gender role in oral contraceptive users and nonusers

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bancroft ◽  
Barbara B. Sherwin ◽  
Gerianne M. Alexander ◽  
David W. Davidson ◽  
Anne Walker
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Sexual Attitudes ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals The risk of breast, cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Veljkovic ◽  
Slavimir Veljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction. Oral contraceptives, mainly combined monophasic pills, are widely used by young women who expect their physicians to prescribe them safe drugs which will not harm their health and which will simplify their life. Numerous epidemiologic studies have been performed to determine the relation between oral contraceptive use and the development of neoplasms. Breast cancer. An increased incidence of breast cancer has occurred simultaneously with the growing use of oral contraceptives. The possibility of a link between the oral contraceptive use and breast cancer has led to intensive research, but studies have provided inconsistent results causing confusion among clinicians. It was noticed that the risk of breast cancer was slightly elevated in current and recent young oral contraceptives users. That finding could be influenced by a detection bias or could be due to the biologic effect of the pills. The absolute number of additional breast cancer cases will be very small because of low baseline incidence of the disease in young women. Oral contraceptives probably promote growth of the already existing cancer, they are probably promoters not initiators of breast cancer. The available data do not provide a conclusive answer that is need. Cervical cancer. Numerous factors may influence the development of cervical cancer. The evidence suggests that current and recent oral contraceptive users have an increased risk of cervical cancer which decline after discontinuation of the application of medication. Oral contraceptives might increase the biological vulnerability of the cervix. Cervical cancer develops slowly over a long time period and can be effectively prevented by periodic cervical screening. Fortunately, oral contraceptives do not mask abnormal cervical citology. Conclusions regarding invasive cervical cancer and oral contraceptive use are not definitive but if there is any increased risk, it is low. Endometrial cancer. In oral contraceptive users the endometrium is almost under the influence of progestin component which suppresses endometrial mitotic activity and its proliferation. Most epidemiologic studies show that oral contraceptives reduce the risk of endometrial cancer and that this protective effect exists many years after the discontinuation of medication. Ovarian cancer. It has been long known that the oral contraceptive use causes protective an ovulation and reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. This powerful reduction is the best demonstrated major benefit of oral contraception. This protection is especially observed in nulliparous and seems to persist for many years after the discontinuation of medication.

A Review of Influences on Sexual Fantasy: Attitudes, Experience, Guilt, and Gender

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chick ◽  
Steven R. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Attitudes ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Sexual Attitude ◽  
Sexual Fantasy ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Sex Guilt ◽  
The Past ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
And Gender

The important role of sexual fantasy in human sexuality has received wide support in the past decade and a half. The initial interest in establishing fantasy's normality has shifted to examining the functional aspects of fantasy and the variables that influence it. The following article reviews variables that affect sexual fantasies including the role of an individual's personality/sexual attitude, sexual experience, sex guilt, and gender. Also, a hypothesized link between parental sexual attitudes and their children's fantasy production is explored. A variety of methods have been implemented to investigate fantasy and a number of these methods are critiqued and some possible methodological improvements are suggested. Finally, the similarity of findings across studies and methods seem to warrant expanding fantasy investigation to other areas and some future directions are suggested.

Oral contraceptive use and risk of suicidal behavior among young women

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Alexis C. Edwards ◽  
Sara Larsson Lönn ◽  
Casey Crump ◽  
Eve K. Mościcki ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Oral contraceptive use has been previously associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior in some, but not all, samples. The use of large, representative, longitudinally-assessed samples may clarify the nature of this potential association. Methods We used Swedish national registries to identify women born between 1991 and 1995 (N = 216 702) and determine whether they retrieved prescriptions for oral contraceptives. We used Cox proportional hazards models to test the association between contraceptive use and first observed suicidal event (suicide attempt or death) from age 15 until the end of follow-up in 2014 (maximum age 22.4). We adjusted for covariates, including mental illness and parental history of suicide. Results In a crude model, use of combination or progestin-only oral contraceptives was positively associated with suicidal behavior, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.73–2.78 after 1 month of use, and 1.25–1.82 after 1 year of use. Accounting for sociodemographic, parental, and psychiatric variables attenuated these associations, and risks declined with increasing duration of use: adjusted HRs ranged from 1.56 to 2.13 1 month beyond the initiation of use, and from 1.19 to 1.48 1 year after initiation of use. HRs were higher among women who ceased use during the observation period. Conclusions Young women using oral contraceptives may be at increased risk of suicidal behavior, but risk declines with increased duration of use. Analysis of former users suggests that women susceptible to depression/anxiety are more likely to cease hormonal contraceptive use. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether the observed association is attributable to a causal mechanism.

Relation of sex and gender role to love, sexual attitudes, and self-esteem

Sex Roles ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 637-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Bailey ◽  
Clyde Hendrick ◽  
Susan S. Hendrick
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Sexual Attitudes ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals The effect of oral contraceptive agents on the basal metabolic rate of young women

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwyn Diffey ◽  
Leonard S. Piers ◽  
Mario J. Soares ◽  
Kerin O'dea
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Contraceptive Agents

AbstractThe use of oral contraceptive agents by women may be a factor that contributes to the observed inter-individual variability in the BMR. We, therefore, measured the BMR, body build and composition in two groups of young women and also assessed their self-reported level of physical activity. One group had been using oral contraceptive agents for a period of 6 months or more (OCA, n 24), while the other group had never used oral contraceptives (NOCA, n 22). There were no significant differences in age, body build or composition. The absolute BMR in the two groups were not significantly different when compared using an unpaired t test (OCA: 5841 (SD 471) v. NOCA: 5633 (SD 615)kJ/d). However, using an analysis of covariance, with either body weight or a combination of fat and fat free mass as covariates, the OCA group had a BMR almost 5% higher than that of the NOCA group (OCA: 5871 v. NOCA: 5601 kJ/d; P=0·002). When those subjects with high self-reported levels of physical activity were excluded, the difference in BMR between the two groups persisted (P = 0·001). An ANOVA of oral contraceptives use and phase of menstrual cycle showed significant differences in BMR with use of oral contraceptives (P=0·004) but no difference in BMR between phases of the menstrual cycle. In conclusion, the ose of oral contraceptive agents deserves consideration when conducting and analysing data from studies on energy metabolism in young women, as it results in a significantly higher BMR.

The Relationship of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Gender-Role Orientation in Four National Samples

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan J. Troche ◽  
Nina Weber ◽  
Karina Hennigs ◽  
Carl-René Andresen ◽  
Thomas H. Rammsayer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Gender Role Orientation ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Fourth Finger ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The ratio of second to fourth finger length (2D:4D ratio) is sexually dimorphic with women having higher 2D:4D ratio than men. Recent studies on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation yielded rather inconsistent results. The present study examines the moderating influence of nationality on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation, as assessed with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, as a possible explanation for these inconsistencies. Participants were 176 female and 171 male university students from Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden ranging in age from 19 to 32 years. Left-hand 2D:4D ratio was significantly lower in men than in women across all nationalities. Right-hand 2D:4D ratio differed only between Swedish males and females indicating that nationality might effectively moderate the sexual dimorphism of 2D:4D ratio. In none of the examined nationalities was a reliable relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation obtained. Thus, the assumption of nationality-related between-population differences does not seem to account for the inconsistent results on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation.

Sharing Thoughts and Feelings: Men's Intimacy and Gender Role Conflict

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Trevathan ◽  
Ryon McDermott ◽  
Brian Schulz ◽  
Stephanie Ace ◽  
Krisztina Petho-Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Gender Role Conflict ◽  
And Gender
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