scholarly journals Nutritional evaluation of sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius): net protein utilization (NPU), nitrogen balance and fractionation studies

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed H. Rahman ◽  
Iqbal Hossain ◽  
Moslehuddin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Lipid Contents ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Negative Controls

The effects of raw sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) meal and its fractions on the growth and N utilization of rats were determined in two NPU and five N balance experiments. Sweet lupinseed grown in Western Australia, obtained as meal, unsupplemented (LMU), or fully supplemented with required amino acids (360 g/kg diet) (LMFS) was tested. In addition, six fractions were tested: aqueous non-dialysed extract at pH 7·0 (LPAND), dialysed extracts soluble (LPAD) and insoluble at pH 7·0 (LPADI), buffer-soluble extract at pH 7·0 (BUSOL), buffer-insoluble extract after dialysis at pH 7·0 (BUDI) and the residue (LMR) containing most of the material from meal insoluble in water and phosphate-citrate buffer. All diets based on fractions contained the same amounts of energy and protein and were supplemented with amino acids, vitamins and minerals to target requirements. Body N and lipid contents of rats fed on LMU and LMFS were reduced significantly in comparison with rats fed on positive lactalbumin (LACT) and non-protein diets (NPC) as negative controls. This wasdue in part to the lower retention of the absorbed N. As a result, the NPU and the biological value (BV) of sweet lupinseed proteins were less than expected. Urea-N outputs of the LMU- and LMFS-fed rats were also elevated. In contrast, true N and DM digestibilities of rats fed on LMU and LMFS were not significantly affected by the difference in the energy content of the diet. The replacement of lactalbumin in thediet with LPAND (196 g/kg), LPAD (148 g/kg), LPADI (124 g/kg), BUSOL (136 g/kg) or BUDI (119 g/kg) reduced dry body weight, N and lipid contents, NPU and BV compared with those obtained from the LACT control, even though the N and DM digestibilitieswere not significantly different. Inclusion of the residue fraction (170 g LMR/kg) had no apparent effect on any of the variables studied. Since sweet lupinseed had asmall amount of non-reactive lectin and LMR had some undesirable side-effects in these rats, it appears that the low nutritional value of LMFS for rats (NPU 0·62) despite the very high level of digestibility of its N, results from disturbances in N metabolism, and particularly from the low retention value of the absorbed N

scholarly journals Nutritional response of growing rats to faba beans (Vicia faba L., minor) and faba bean fractions

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Rubio ◽  
George Grant ◽  
Susan Bardocz ◽  
Peter Dewey ◽  
Arpad Pusztai
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Lipid Contents ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Net Protein

The effects of raw faba bean (Vicia faba L., minor) meal (VFM) and its fractions on the growth and nitrogen utilization of rats have been determined in two experiments. Two commercial varieties of VFM were tested, local VFM (409–439 g/kg diet) and Troy VFM (439 g/kg diet). The bean fractions tested were V. faba lectin-depleted protein (VFDP), V. faba lectin (VFL) and V. faba cotyledon residue (VFCR). All diets were supplemented with amino acids to target requirements. Body-weight, body N and lipid contents of rats fed on VFM were reduced significantly in comparison with control rats fed on lactalbumin. This was due, in part, to the lower digestibility of the protein, lipid and dry matter (DM) of VFM diets. As a result, net protein utilization (NPU) and biological value (BV) of faba bean proteins were less than expected. Urine and urea-N outputs of the VFM-fed rats were also elevated in both experiments. Increasing the energy content of local VFM diets led to significantly higher dry body-weight, body N and lipid contents, with the result that the NPU and BV values of the protein also increased. However, the NPU values for VFM-fed rats were still significantly lower than those for the controls in both experiments. In contrast, true N, lipid and DM digestibilities in rats given local VFM were not significantly affected by the difference in the energy content of the diets. The replacement of two-thirds of the lactalbumin in the diet with VFDP (65 g/kg) reduced dry body-weight, N and lipid contents, NPU and BV compared with the control rats, even though N, lipid and DM digestibilities were not significantly different. The nutritional performance of rats fed on lactalbumin-based diets containing 7 g VFL/kg was similar to that of the controls. Similarly, the inclusion of the cotyledon residue (237 g VFCR/kg diet) had no appreciable effect on any of the variables studied. As VFL and VFCR had no antinutritional effects in these rats, it appears that the low nutritional value of VFM for rats (NPU 0.66) results not only from the low digestibility of the bean proteins, but also from disturbances in N metabolism.

scholarly journals Energy content and amino acid digestibility of extruded and dehulled-extruded corn by pigs and its effect on the performance of weaned pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Liu ◽  
J.J. Zang ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
N.W. Jaworski ◽  
Z.J. Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
The Difference

Three experiments were conducted to compare raw corn, extruded corn, and dehulled-extruded corn in piglets’ feeding. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, 8 barrows (19.9 ± 0.6 kg) were fed experimental diets containing one out of three corn samples and a rice-soybean meal basal diet in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in the corn samples using the difference method. The DE content in extruded (14.29 MJ/kg) and dehulled-extruded (14.42 MJ/kg) corn was greater (P < 0.05) than in raw corn (13.57 MJ/kg). In Exp. 2, 5 barrows (26.2 ± 1.3 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA). The diets comprised the basal diet, the three corn diets from Exp. 1, as well as a nitrogen-free diet to estimate basal endogenous losses of AA. The AID and SID of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, and valine in dehulled-extruded corn was lower (P < 0.05) than in raw or extruded corn. In Exp. 3, 108 weaned 35 days old piglets (8.4 ± 1.2 kg) were allotted to one of the three diets based on corn type. Weaned pigs fed diets containing extruded or dehulled-extruded corn exhibited reduced (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than pigs fed diets containing raw corn. The diet containing dehulled-extruded corn resulted in a higher incidence of diarrhoea. In summary, extrusion of corn did not result in improvements in digestibility and dehulling corn prior to extrusion appeared to result in heat damage which reduced ileal digestibility of AA. Substitution of raw corn with extruded or dehulled-extruded corn in starter diets formulated to equal quantities of ME and SID AA content did not improve the performance of weaned pigs.  

Difference of [Ca2+]i Movements in Platelets Stimulated by Thrombin and TRAP: the Involvement of αIIbβ3-Mediated TXA2 Synthesis

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (06) ◽  
pp. 1184-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Tomiyama ◽  
Shigenori Honda ◽  
Kayoko Senzaki ◽  
Akito Tanaka ◽  
Mitsuru Okubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Fibrinogen Binding ◽  
Adp Release ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Txa2 Receptor Antagonist ◽  
High Level ◽  
Inhibition Studies ◽  
Peak Increase ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Assay Conditions

SummaryThis study investigated the difference of [Ca2+]i movement in platelets in response to thrombin and TRAP. The involvement of αIIbβ3 in this signaling was also studied. Stimulation of platelets with thrombin at 0.03 U/ml caused platelet aggregation and a two-peak increase in [Ca2+]i. The second peak of [Ca2+]i, but not the first peak was abolished by the inhibition of platelet aggregation with αIIbβ3 antagonists or by scavenging endogenous ADP with apyrase. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, aspirin, and a TXA2 receptor antagonist, BM13505, also abolished the second peak of [Ca2+]i but not the first peak, although these regents did not inhibit aggregation. Under the same assay conditions, measurement of TXB2 demonstrated that αIIbβ3 antagonists and aspirin almost completely inhibited the production of TXB2. In contrast to thrombin-stimulation, TRAP caused only a single peak of [Ca2+]i even in the presence of platelet aggregation, and a high level of [Ca2+]i increase was needed for the induction of platelet aggregation. The inhibition of aggregation with αIIbβ3 antagonists had no effect on [Ca2+]i change and TXB2 production induced by TRAP. Inhibition studies using anti-GPIb antibodies suggested that GPIb may be involved in the thrombin response, but not in the TRAP. Our findings suggest that low dose thrombin causes a different [Ca2+]i response and TXA2 producing signal from TRAP. Endogenous ADP release and fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 are responsible for the synthesis of TXA2 which results in the induction of the second peak of [Ca2+]i in low thrombin- but not TRAP-stimulated platelets.

ATTITUDE TO OPEN ACCESS IN RUSSIAN SCHOLARLY COMMUNITY: 2018. SURVEY RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Razumova ◽  
N. N. Litvinova ◽  
M. E. Shvartsman ◽  
A. Yu. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Open Access Publishing ◽  
Scholarly Community ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level ◽  
Access Policies

Introduction. The paper presents survey results on the awareness towards and practice of Open Access scholarly publishing among Russian academics.Materials and Methods. We employed methods of statistical analysis of survey results. Materials comprise results of data processing of Russian survey conducted in 2018 and published results of the latest international surveys. The survey comprised 1383 respondents from 182 organizations. We performed comparative studies of the responses from academics and research institutions as well as different research areas. The study compares results obtained in Russia with the recently published results of surveys conducted in the United Kingdom and Europe.Results. Our findings show that 95% of Russian respondents support open access, 94% agree to post their publications in open repositories and 75% have experience in open access publishing. We did not find any difference in the awareness and attitude towards open access among seven reference groups. Our analysis revealed the difference in the structure of open access publications of the authors from universities and research institutes. Discussion andConclusions. Results reveal a high level of awareness and support to open access and succeful practice in the open access publications in the Russian scholarly community. The results for Russia demonstrate close similarity with the results of the UK academics. The governmental open access policies and programs would foster the practical realization of the open access in Russia.

Quantitative indicators of air traffic controllers’ attitude to the danger of errors

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
O. M. Reva ◽  
V. V. Kamyshin ◽  
S. P. Borsuk ◽  
V. A. Shulhin ◽  
A. V. Nevynitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Aviation Accidents ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The negative and persistent impact of the human factor on the statistics of aviation accidents and serious incidents makes proactive studies of the attitude of “front line” aviation operators (air traffic controllers, flight crewmembers) to dangerous actions or professional conditions as a key component of the current paradigm of ICAO safety concept. This “attitude” is determined through the indicators of the influence of the human factor on decision-making, which also include the systems of preferences of air traffic controllers on the indicators and characteristics of professional activity, illustrating both the individual perception of potential risks and dangers, and the peculiarities of generalized group thinking that have developed in a particular society. Preference systems are an ordered (ranked) series of n = 21 errors: from the most dangerous to the least dangerous and characterize only the danger preference of one error over another. The degree of this preference is determined only by the difference in the ranks of the errors and does not answer the question of how much time one error is more dangerous in relation to another. The differential method for identifying the comparative danger of errors, as well as the multistep technology for identifying and filtering out marginal opinions were applied. From the initial sample of m = 37 professional air traffic controllers, two subgroups mB=20 and mG=7 people were identified with statisti-cally significant at a high level of significance within the group consistency of opinions a = 1%. Nonpara-metric optimization of the corresponding group preference systems resulted in Kemeny’s medians, in which the related (middle) ranks were missing. Based on these medians, weighted coefficients of error hazards were determined by the mathematical prioritization method. It is substantiated that with the ac-cepted accuracy of calculations, the results obtained at the second iteration of this method are more ac-ceptable. The values of the error hazard coefficients, together with their ranks established in the preference systems, allow a more complete quantitative and qualitative analysis of the attitude of both individual air traffic controllers and their professional groups to hazardous actions or conditions.

scholarly journals A Modified KNN Algorithm for High-Performance Computing on FPGA of Real-Time m-QAM Demodulators

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
David Marquez-Viloria ◽  
Luis Castano-Londono ◽  
Neil Guerrero-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Interference Mitigation ◽  
Parallel Implementation ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Interchannel Interference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Performance Computing

A methodology for scalable and concurrent real-time implementation of highly recurrent algorithms is presented and experimentally validated using the AWS-FPGA. This paper presents a parallel implementation of a KNN algorithm focused on the m-QAM demodulators using high-level synthesis for fast prototyping, parameterization, and scalability of the design. The proposed design shows the successful implementation of the KNN algorithm for interchannel interference mitigation in a 3 × 16 Gbaud 16-QAM Nyquist WDM system. Additionally, we present a modified version of the KNN algorithm in which comparisons among data symbols are reduced by identifying the closest neighbor using the rule of the 8-connected clusters used for image processing. Real-time implementation of the modified KNN on a Xilinx Virtex UltraScale+ VU9P AWS-FPGA board was compared with the results obtained in previous work using the same data from the same experimental setup but offline DSP using Matlab. The results show that the difference is negligible below FEC limit. Additionally, the modified KNN shows a reduction of operations from 43 percent to 75 percent, depending on the symbol’s position in the constellation, achieving a reduction 47.25% reduction in total computational time for 100 K input symbols processed on 20 parallel cores compared to the KNN algorithm.

scholarly journals E-learning-Oriented Software Architecture Design and Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Peng Lu ◽  
Xiao Cong ◽  
Dongdai Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Software Architecture ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Domain Model ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Application Framework ◽  
Component Library ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

Nowadays, E-learning system has been widely applied to practical teaching. It was favored by people for its characterized course arrangement and flexible learning schedule. However, the system does have some problems in the process of application such as the functions of single software are not diversified enough to satisfy the requirements in teaching completely. In order to cater more applications in the teaching process, it is necessary to integrate functions from different systems. But the difference in developing techniques and the inflexibility in design makes it difficult to implement. The major reason of these problems is the lack of fine software architecture. In this article, we build domain model and component model of E-learning system and components integration method on the basis of WebService. And we proposed an abstract framework of E-learning which could express the semantic relationship among components and realize high level reusable on the basis of informationized teaching mode. On this foundation, we form an E-learning oriented layering software architecture contain component library layer, application framework layer and application layer. Moreover, the system contains layer division multiplexing and was not built upon developing language and tools. Under the help of the software architecture, we could build characterized E-learning system flexibly like building blocks through framework selection, component assembling and replacement. In addition, we exemplify how to build concrete E-learning system on the basis of this software architecture.

Glutamine or glutamate release by the liver constitutes a major mechanism for nitrogen salvage

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. G257-G264 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Remesy ◽  
C. Moundras ◽  
C. Morand ◽  
C. Demigne
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Postprandial Period ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Glutamine Synthesis ◽  
Negative Balance

The aim of the present study was to investigate mechanisms of N salvage by the liver when a diet is protein deficient. For this purpose, rats were adapted to a slightly deficient (11% casein) or moderately surfeit (22% casein) dietary protein level. Animals were sampled during the postprandial or the postabsorptive period, and fluxes across the digestive tract and liver were determined. During the postabsorptive period there was a negative balance of glutamine across the digestive tract in both diet groups. During the postprandial period the digestive balance of glutamine was still negative, despite a substantial supply of dietary glutamine and glutamate, suggesting that glutamine utilization is maximal during this period. There was a net production of glutamate and glutamine by the liver in both diet groups, but glutamine release was 73% higher in rats fed the low-protein diet. In these animals, because of the relatively low capacity of ureagenesis, N utilization was shifted toward glutamine synthesis: overall uptake of amino acids by the liver was approximately 5.3 micromol/min, and net release of glutamine + glutamate was approximately 2.9 micromol/min (hence a 55% cycling, on a molar basis). This cycling was only 12% in rats adapted to the 22% casein diet. When liver ammonia uptake was taken into account, N cycling showed parallel changes: 64% or 15% in rats adapted to the 11% or 22% casein diet, respectively. Besides glutamine delivery, glutamate was also released by the liver, representing an N source for extrasplanchnic tissues. With protein-deficient diets, hepatic glutamine delivery mainly serves to fulfill substrate needs for intestinal metabolism, which represents a mechanism for N salvage. This shift of N metabolism from urea toward glutamine production may imply a glutamate transfer from periportal to glutamine-synthesizing perivenous hepatocytes.

scholarly journals Biochemical approaches for nutritional support of skeletal muscle protein metabolism during sepsis

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Vary ◽  
Christopher J. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Catabolic State ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Induced Defects

Sepsis initiates a unique series of modifications in the homeostasis of N metabolism and profoundly alters the integration of inter-organ cooperatively in the overall N and energy economy of the host. The net effect of these alterations is an overall N catabolic state, which seriously compromises recovery and is semi-refractory to treatment with current therapies. These alterations lead to a functional redistribution of N (amino acids and proteins) and substrate metabolism among injured tissues and major body organs. The redistribution of amino acids and proteins results in a quantitative reordering of the usual pathways of C and N flow within and among regions of the body with a resultant depletion of the required substrates and cofactors in important organs. The metabolic response to sepsis is a highly integrated, complex series of reactions. To understand the regulation of the response to sepsis, a comprehensive, integrated analysis of the fundamental physiological relationships of key metabolic pathways and mechanisms in sepsis is essential. The catabolism of skeletal muscles, which is manifested by an increase in protein degradation and a decrease in synthesis, persists despite state-of-the-art nutritional care. Much effort has focused on the modulation of the overall amount of nutrients given to septic patients in a hope to improve efficiencies in utilisation and N economies, rather than the support of specific end-organ targets. The present review examines current understanding of the processes affected by sepsis and testable means to circumvent the sepsis-induced defects in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle through increasing provision of amino acids (leucine, glutamine, or arginine) that in turn act as nutrient signals to regulate a number of cellular processes.

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