scholarly journals Utilization of endogenous and dietary urea in the large intestine of the mature horse

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Martin ◽  
N. P. McMeniman ◽  
B. W. Norton ◽  
K. F. Dowsett
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Soyabean Meal

The dynamics of N metabolism in mature horses were investigated when they were fed on a low-N diet or the same diet supplemented with sufficient urea or soyabean meal to meet their theoretical N requirements. There were no differences in DM, organic matter or neutral-detergent-fibre digestibilities for the three diets. N digestibilities and digestible-N intakes were similar for the urea- and soyabean-supplemented diets and very low for the low-N diet. For all three diets plasma urea was degraded in the digestive tract to NH3which was utilized by the bacterial population as a N source. NH3was absorbed from the large intestine into the blood and converted to urea. NH3was also incorporated into plasma proteins. The horses fed on the low-N diet degraded a greater proportion of endogenous urea in the digestive tract than did horses fed on the urea- or soyabean-supplemented diets. However, the horses fed on the urea diet had the highest degradation rate of urea. The quantity of urea degraded in the digestive tract of horses fed on the urea-supplemented and the low-N diets could not compensate for a lack of dietary crude protein in these diets. The horses were in a negative N balance when fed on the low-N and urea-supplemented diets and a positive N balance when fed on the soyabean-supplemented diet. Dietary urea supplementation did not benefit the horses.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF STEERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
U. J. Ikhatua ◽  
F. O. Olubajo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Comparative studies lasting between 59 - 63 days were carried out using the N-balance method to investigate the effect of groundnut cake supplementation on N-metabolism and digestible crude protein (DCP)requirements of three breeds of steers maintained on all-roughage rations of hay and fresh dry of Cynodon rulenfuensis var robustus The results indicated that N intake (/day) Increased ed appreciably with supplementation. The percentage Increases li the intake were 16.4.40.0 and 18.0 for the White Fulani, crossbred and German Brown Steer respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients for N also increased by 10%0.6.8% and 7.1% for these steers respectively. Faucal nitrogen output (/day) Increased slightly with supplementation with all breedy of steen, while urinary nitrogen loss decreased with the White Fulani, increased with the German Brown and showed no difference with the crossbreed. Absorbed nitrogen (g/day), N-balance (g/day) und N-retention (%) all increased with supplementations Mean values for both metabolic f al ultrogen (MEN) (N/kgDM consumed und endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN) (/day/wkg 0.75) decreased with supplementation while the mean Hological value (BV) (197) Increased. The values were 2.4 6N/kg DM consumed, 0.11/dm/wg 0.75 and 75.87 respectively. Digestible crude protein requirements (DCP) decreed with supplementation in all the breeds of steen. The values were 1.06, 0.38 and 0.81 (0.75 + 0.20)/day/wkg 0.75) by the N-balance methods and 1.08, 0.51 und 1.20 (0.93 = 0.21) 2DCP/day/wkg 0.75 by the Nuctoriul methody. The DCP requirements therefore range from 0.75 - 0.93 /day/weg 0.75 for these breeds of steers, While there were decreases of approximately 13.14%. 1.99 and 6.4% In the mean DM Intake.

Predicting the amount of urea nitrogen recycled and used for anabolism in growing cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (6) ◽  
pp. 1118-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. EISEMANN ◽  
L. O. TEDESCHI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Urea Production ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Current Database

SUMMARYIn ruminants, urea nitrogen (N) produced by the liver and recycled to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) provides a source of N for microbial growth and also conserves N. In this respect, it buffers the dietary supply of N available for microbial growth and microbial protein supply. The equation for recycled N in the National Research Council's (NRC 1996, 2000) beef model is based on relationships between ruminal ammonia and plasma urea N concentrations. The objective of the current paper was to estimate recycled N available for anabolism (i.e., urea N used for anabolism, UUA) using available kinetic data. A meta-analysis was conducted using results reported in nine publications that measured urea N kinetics using the dual-labelled urea technique in growing cattle. Diets used in these experiments were predominantly forage-based. Urea production was linearly related to N intake (NI, g/day). Growing cattle converted 74·5% of the incremental NI to urea N. As NI increased, a smaller proportion of the urea produced was recycled to the GIT. On average, 54·4% of the urea N recycled to the GIT was used for anabolism; however, this percentage was not constant. As NI or dietary crude protein (CP) increased (g/kg dry matter, DM), proportionately less of the urea produced was used for anabolism. Nonlinear equations were developed to predict UUA based on NI or dietary CP in the current database and simulated at 5 or 10 kg of daily DM intake (DMI) over the same range of NI (g/day) and therefore, for diets differing in CP content (g/kg DM). The equation based on NI had a quadratic behaviour and the same estimated UUA for both levels of DMI. The equation based on CP showed a relatively small increase in UUA at low DMI and increased UUA at the higher DMI as NI increased. For both equations and both DMI, the pattern suggested a limit to use of recycled N for anabolism.

Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan biawak air (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ihwan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Commercial Purpose ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Biology Laboratory

Excessive hunting and poaching for commercial purpose of Varanus salvator in Indonesia can cause a decline in this animal population. However, the scientific information of this animal especially about the biologic of organ system is rarely reported. Therefore, this case opens up opportunities for researching, which aims to study the anatomy of digestive tract of water monitor macroscopically. This research has been conducted in Biology Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Kupang for 5 months from March to August 2016. The digestive organ of this animal that has been preserved in alcohol 70% was obtained before from two males of water monitors. Preservation process: the animal were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and fixated in 4 paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site and morphometrical of digestive tract. The resulted data was analysed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The digestive tract of water monitor consist of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The dimension of each organ is different based on its structures and functions. The esophagus of water monitor connects the mouth cavity and the stomach and also as the entrance of food to the stomach. Water monitor stomach were found in cranial part of abdomen, in left side of liver. The small intestine was longer than stomach and it is a winding muscular tube in abdomen in posterior side of liver. The large intestine consist of colon and cloaca, while cecum was not found. This channel was extend lateromedially in abdomen to cloaca between left and right kidneys. The cloaca was the end of digestive tract which excreted feces and urine. From this research, we can conclude that the digestive tract of water monitor consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It’s difficult to differentiate small intestine and large intestine because there are no cecum.

Effects of Food Protein Levels on Haematological Parameters of Growing Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1849)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Serge-Olivier Konan KOUASSI ◽  
◽  
Yves Bénarèce Tra DJE BI ◽  
Soualio KAMAGATE ◽  
Mathieu Nahounou BLEYERE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Japanese Quails ◽  
The Impact

The study aims to determine the impact of dietary crude protein levels on the hematological parameters of Japanese quail from growth to ovipositor. To this end, five feeds with different crude protein levels (18, 20, 22, 24 and 26%) were supplied to 700 quails of three weeks of age. These were subdivided into six batches, including three batches of females and three batches of males for each feed group. After subjecting the quails to diets containing the different protein levels, four samples were taken at the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh week of age. The samples taken were analyzed using an SYSMEX XN 350 automated hematological analyzer. The results of this investigation indicated that non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in hematological parameters in both female and male quails. This study showed that dietary crude protein levels had no impact on the health status of Japanese quails. Keywords: Japanese quails, Crude protein, Hematological parameters.

Glutamine or glutamate release by the liver constitutes a major mechanism for nitrogen salvage

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. G257-G264 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Remesy ◽  
C. Moundras ◽  
C. Morand ◽  
C. Demigne
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Postprandial Period ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Glutamine Synthesis ◽  
Negative Balance

The aim of the present study was to investigate mechanisms of N salvage by the liver when a diet is protein deficient. For this purpose, rats were adapted to a slightly deficient (11% casein) or moderately surfeit (22% casein) dietary protein level. Animals were sampled during the postprandial or the postabsorptive period, and fluxes across the digestive tract and liver were determined. During the postabsorptive period there was a negative balance of glutamine across the digestive tract in both diet groups. During the postprandial period the digestive balance of glutamine was still negative, despite a substantial supply of dietary glutamine and glutamate, suggesting that glutamine utilization is maximal during this period. There was a net production of glutamate and glutamine by the liver in both diet groups, but glutamine release was 73% higher in rats fed the low-protein diet. In these animals, because of the relatively low capacity of ureagenesis, N utilization was shifted toward glutamine synthesis: overall uptake of amino acids by the liver was approximately 5.3 micromol/min, and net release of glutamine + glutamate was approximately 2.9 micromol/min (hence a 55% cycling, on a molar basis). This cycling was only 12% in rats adapted to the 22% casein diet. When liver ammonia uptake was taken into account, N cycling showed parallel changes: 64% or 15% in rats adapted to the 11% or 22% casein diet, respectively. Besides glutamine delivery, glutamate was also released by the liver, representing an N source for extrasplanchnic tissues. With protein-deficient diets, hepatic glutamine delivery mainly serves to fulfill substrate needs for intestinal metabolism, which represents a mechanism for N salvage. This shift of N metabolism from urea toward glutamine production may imply a glutamate transfer from periportal to glutamine-synthesizing perivenous hepatocytes.

Effects of growth and dietary crude protein level until first insemination on milk production during first lactation in Holstein heifers

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashige ISHII ◽  
Kenji KAWASHIMA ◽  
Haruo ORIBE ◽  
Hiromi UEDA ◽  
Toshiya HASUNUMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Crude Protein Level

Growth and food utilization of the Australian short-finned eel, Anguilla australis australis (Richardson) given paired iso-energetic diets with increasing crude protein content

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Engin ◽  
C. G. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Anguilla Australis ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of 100 g/kg increments of crude protein (approx. 250 (P25) to 550 (P55) g/kg of crude protein) in paired iso-energetic diets on the growth performance of the juvenile Australian short-finned eel (1·83 (s.e. 0·01) g average wet weight). The highest growth response was obtained with treatment P45 followed by P35, P55 and P25. It appeared that food efficiency ratio (FER) increased with increasing crude protein content in low energy diets (treatments P25 and P35). However, 100 g/kg increase in dietary crude protein content (from 450 to 550 kg crude protein per kg diet) in high energy diets resulted in lower FER for treatment P55 than for the treatment P45. The protein efficiency ratio (PER, %) was higher in low protein:low energy diets (treatments P25 and P35) than that of high protein:high energy diets (treatments P45 and P55). The protein productive values (PPV, %) for treatments followed a similar trend to PER in this experiment. The lowest PPV was obtained by the treatment P55 and it was significantly different from that of the other three treatments. A proportional increase in dietary crude protein content in paired iso-energetic diets did not significantly change the whole body protein content. However, a small increase in whole body protein content with increasing dietary crude protein in each group was detected. In conclusion, the present study showed protein sparing effects of lipids and carbohydrates in the diets of the short-finned eel. Further studies specifically investigating the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios at different protein levels would improve diet formulation and reduce nutrient impact in intensive recirculation systems.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document