scholarly journals Use of guanidinated dietary protein to measure losses of endogenous amino acids in poultry

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Siriwan ◽  
W. L. Bryden ◽  
E. F. Annison
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Bean Protein ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

Guanidinated proteins when fed to non-ruminants provide values for both endogenous amino acid losses and amino acid digestibilities, provided that the homoarginine residues in the treated protein are randomly distributed. Earlier studies have established that guanidination has only minor effects on the structure of the protein and, in particular, on its susceptibility to proteolysis. Furthermore, we have confirmed that homoarginine behaves as a typical amino acid in the small intestine. Lysine residues in casein and soya-bean protein, and in the proteins of cotton-seed meal, meat meal, soya-bean meal, maize, sorghum and wheat were converted to homoarginine by guanidination, the extent of conversion ranging from 37–68%. Sequential proteolysis in vitro of these guanidinated materials showed that the ratios of homoarginine to other amino acids remained unchanged for casein and soya-bean protein, indicating random distribution of homoarginine residues, but not for all the amino acids in meals and cereals. The use of guanidinated casein as the sole protein source in diets fed to broiler chickens allowed measurement of endogenous losses of amino acids under normal feeding conditions and calculation of true digestibilities of dietary amino acids at the ileum. Endogenous amino acid losses measured by the use of guanidinated casein (15.3 g/kg dry matter (DM) intake) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than values obtained by feeding a N-free diet (5.4 g/kg DM intake), or by regression analysis to zero N intake (72 g/kg DM intake)

scholarly journals Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Bean Protein

1. In two separate experiments, forty-two pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean protein and slaughtered at 7, 28 or 35 d of age.2. The amino acid composition of the empty body of the pigs did not vary with age or sources of protein fed.3. The nitrogen and amino acid contents of the empty body gain were calculated between 7 and 28, and 7 and 35 d of age. The retention of absorbed N was greater in pigs given a soya-bean meal (SBM) diet than in pigs given milk or isolated soya-bean protein (ISP) diets.4. The retention of total absorbed N was greater in pigs given a pelleted milk diet (0.72) than in pigs given a liquid milk diet (0.58).5. Methionine and threonine appeared to be the first two limiting amino acids, as indicated by their high incorporation into the empty body, for pigs given soya-bean proteins in Expt 3, while methionine and lysine were the first two limiting amino acids for pigs given ISP in Expt 4.6. The addition of methionine to diets in Expt 3 reduced the retention of absorbed methionine in the empty body by 43–76%. Lysine supplementation did not alter the retention of the absorbed lysine.7. Retention of arginine, proline and glycine in the body was greater than the apparent absorption of each of these amino acids.

Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Green ◽  
T. Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets.In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87.Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2.Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.

Total amino acid requirements of weaned piglets 8 to 25 kg live weight given diets based on wheat and soya-bean meal fortified with free amino acids

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gatel ◽  
G. Buron ◽  
J. Fékéte
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out with weaned piglets from 8 to 25 kg live weight in order to determine the dietary amino acid content necessary for maximum growth. Six diets based on wheat, soya-bean meal, soya-bean oil and free amino acids were compared in each experiment. Essential amino acids were in the same relative proportion for all diets: (methionine + cystine)/lysine = 0·60 to 0·65; threonine/lysine = 0·65; tryptophan/lysine = 0·19. The range of amino acid content was 9·53 to 12·52 g lysine per kg in the first experiment and 11·34 to 15·94 g lysine per kg in the second experiment. The number of piglets used per diet was 136 (20 pens) and 106 (16 pens) in respectively the first and the second experiment. The relationship between either dietary lysine content or daily lysine intake and growth rate was quadratic and significant. Dietary lysine content and daily lysine intake which enable maximum growth were calculated according to this model. Dietary lysine contents were 15·5 and 14·9 g/kg for the first 3 weeks (8 to 17 kg) and for the overall post-weaning period (8 to 25 kg) respectively. Daily lysine intakes were 10·6 and 13·3 g/day respectively for the same two periods. Reasons for these values being higher than those currently cited are discussed.

scholarly journals Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Bean Protein

1. In two experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean proteins until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age.2. Additions of methionine and methionine plus lysine to the diets did not increase the proportions of these amino acids in ileal digesta.3. In the pigs given a nitrogen-free diet, ileal digesta contained more threonine, proline and glycine than in pigs given diets containing protein.4. The apparent and true digestibility of amino acids were greater when milk protein was fed than when soya-bean proteins were fed.5. The apparent digestion of amino acids to the ileum of pigs given isolated soya-bean protein (ISP; Supro 610) increased with increasing age of pigs from a mean of 0.82 at 14 d of age to 0.87 at 35 d of age.6. When milk protein was fed apparent digestibilities of methionine and lysine to the ileum were 0.912 and 0.905. The apparent digestibility of threonine to the ileum was 0.800, 0.774 and 0.504 for pigs given the milk-, ISP and soya-bean-meal (SBM)-protein diets respectively.7. Apparent digestibilities of total essential and non-essential amino acids were 0.79 and 0.69 respectively, and true digestibilities of both were 0.82.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of mixed proteins

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Woodham ◽  
Eileen M. W. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. A fish meal, meat meal, soya-bean meal, groundnut meal and sunflower-seed meal of known amino acid composition were evaluated individually, and combined in all possible pairs, by the estimation of net protein utilization (NPU) and protein efficiency ratio (body-weight gain:crude protein intake; per) using rats. Each pair provided a total of 100 g protein/ kg diet made up so that the amounts of the constituents were (w/w) 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 20:80 and 0:100.2. Marked synergistic effects were noted only for mixtures of sunflower-seed meal with soya-bean, fish and meat meals.3. Chemical score ([amount of limiting amino acid/the rat's requirement for the same amino acid] × 100; CS), but not essential amino acid index; geometric mean for the ratio, amount of essential amino acid: the rat's requirement for that amino acid, for all ten essential amino acids; EAAI), successfully predicted the rankings of all mixtures except groundnut meal-meat meal and groundnut meal-soya-bean meal, by both per and NPU tests.4. Although there is broad agreement linking results of per and NPU tests with results obtained by a more practical feeding trial in which the mixtures were evaluated as supplements to cereals, neither of these two standard tests is capable of predicting in every instance the advantages to be gained by mixing protein concentrates.

scholarly journals Endogenous flow of amino acids in the avian ileum as influenced by increasing dietary peptide concentrations

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 822-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velmurugu Ravindran ◽  
Patrick C. H. Morel ◽  
Shane M. Rutherfurd ◽  
Donald V. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

The aim of the present study was to establish whether feeding broiler chickens with diets containing increasing dietary peptide concentrations would cause increases in ileal endogenous amino acid flow. The flow of N and most amino acids increased quadratically (P < 0·05 to 0·001) with increasing dietary concentrations of peptides. The exceptions were the flow of threonine, serine, glycine, tyrosine and cystine, which increased linearly (P < 0·001) with dietary peptide levels. Another notable exception to the general trend was the flow of proline, which was significantly higher (P < 0·01) in birds fed the protein-free diet. The amino acid profile of endogenous protein, expressed as proportion of crude protein, indicated that the ratios of threonine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, leucine, histidine, arginine and cystine were influenced (P < 0·05) with increasing dietary peptide concentrations. In general, compared with the protein-free diet, the ratios of threonine and arginine in endogenous protein were lower (P < 0·05) and those of glutamic acid, glycine and histidine were greater (P < 0·05) in diets with high concentrations of peptides. The ratio of proline was found to decrease (P < 0·05) with increasing dietary peptide concentrations. These changes in the amino acid profile of endogenous protein are probably reflective of changes in the output of one or more of the components of endogenous protein. Overall, the present results demonstrated that increasing dietary peptide concentrations increased the flow of endogenous amino acid flow at the terminal ileum of broiler chickens in a dose-dependent manner and also caused changes in the composition of endogenous protein. The observed changes in endogenous amino flow will influence the maintenance requirements for amino acids and also have implications for the calculation of true digestibility coefficient of feedstuffs.

scholarly journals Assessment of the nutritional quality of proteins: the use of ‘ileal’ digestibilities of amino acids as measures of their availabilities

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Achinewhu ◽  
D. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Bean Protein

1. A comparative study was made of two biological techniques for assessing protein quality in wheat and barley, and in a soya-bean-protein isolate both as received, and after being heat damaged by autoclaving. Amino acid digestibility was determined by the ‘ileal’ analysis technique while amino acid availability was measured in growth assays. Some chemical and microbiological tests were also done.2. Heat treatment of the soya-bean-protein isolate caused little change in amino acid composition but the digestibility of all amino acids and the availability of lysine and methionine were severely reduced, lysine being most affected. The reduced availability of lysine was not entirely attributable to impaired digestibility.3. The amino acids in wheat and barley were highly digestible. The availability of methionine and lysine in barley and of methionine in wheat was high, whereas the availability of lysine in wheat was apparently much lower.4. The results showed that for methionine, digestibility values are a fair measure of the availability. In heat-damaged soya-bean-protein isolate however, digestibility of lysine over-estimated the availability, indicating that amino acid digestibility may sometimes provide a misleading indication of nutritional value.

Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ravindran ◽  
L. I. Hew ◽  
G. Ravindran ◽  
W. L. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Meat Meal

AbstractThe apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in 107 samples representing 22 food ingredients were determined using 6-week-old broiler chickens. The ingredients assayed included five cereals (barley, maize, sorghum, triticale and wheat), two cereal by-products (rice polishings and wheat middlings), four oilseed meals (canola, cottonseed, soya-bean and sunflower meals), full-fat canola, maize gluten meal, four grain legumes (chickpeas, faba beans, field peas and lupins) and five animal protein sources (blood, feather, fish, meat and meat and bone meals). The mean ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in wheat and maize were higher than those in sorghum, triticale and barley. However, variations observed in individual amino acid digestibilities among samples within cereal type were greater than those determined between cereals. Threonine and lysine were the least digestible indispensable amino acids in the five cereals evaluated. The most digestible indispensable amino acid was phenylalanine in wheat and, leucine in maize and sorghum. In the case of the wheat middlings and rice polishings, threonine was the least digestible indispensable amino acid and arginine was the best digested.In the oilseed meals assayed, amino acid digestibility was highest for soya-bean and sunflower meals, intermediate for canola meal and lowest for cottonseed meal. Ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in lupins were found to be slightly lower than those in soya-bean meal. The amino acid digestibilities of field peas, faba beans and chickpeas were considerably lower than those of lupins. Digestibility of arginine was the highest and that of threonine was the lowest of the indispensable amino acids in oilseed meals and grain legumes, except in cottonseed meal. Lysine was the least digestible amino acid in cottonseed meal.In the animal protein sources assayed, digestibility coefficients of amino acids in blood meal were high, intermediate in fish meal, and low in meat meal, meat and bone meal and feather meal. Variation in amino acid digestibility coefficients determined for blood meal samples was small. However, wide variations in amino acid digestibilities were observed for other animal protein sources, highlighting significant batch-to-batch differences. In particular, marked variations were determined for meat meal and meat and bone meal samples. Cystine was the least digested amino acid in animal protein meals, with the exception of blood meal in which isoleucine had the lowest digestibility. The limitations of using apparent digestibility values in diet formulations and the concept of the standardized digestibility system to overcome these limitations are discussed.

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