scholarly journals Comparison of growth, nitrogen metabolism and organ weights in piglets and rats fed on diets containing Phaseolus vulgaris beans

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huisman ◽  
A. F. B. Van Der Poel ◽  
P. Van Leeuwen ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Antinutritional Factors ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Live Weight Gain

The effects of lectins in the diet have been mainly studied in rats. An important question is whether results obtained in rats can be extrapolated to larger animals like the pig. Phaseolus vulgaris beans are rich in toxic lectins. Therefore a study was carried out to compare the effects of diets containing 200 g Phaseolus vulgaris beans (raw or toasted)/kg in rats and piglets. Live-weight gain, nitrogen digestibility and N balance were much lower in piglets than in rats fed on diets containing raw beans. Live-weight gain and N balance were slightly negative in the piglets. When toasted beans were given, live-weight gain and N balance values were reduced in piglets but hardly at all in rats. Giving raw beans caused hypertrophy of the pancreas in the rats but in piglets the weight of the pancreas was reduced. Spleen weight was depressed in the piglets but not in the rats. Weight of liver was not affected in either animal species. When toasted beans were given no effects on the weights of pancreas, spleen or liver were found in piglets or rats. It was concluded that the piglet is much more sensitive to antinutritional factors in the Phaseolus vulgaris bean than the rat.

scholarly journals Effect of variable protein contents in diets containing Phaseolus vulgaris beans on performance, organ weights and blood variables in piglets, rats and chickens

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huisman ◽  
A. F. B. Van Der Poel ◽  
J. M. V. M. Mouwen ◽  
J. M. V. M. WEERDEN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Antinutritional Factors ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Pancreas Weight ◽  
Blood Variables

A comparison was made of the effects of antinutritional factors present in Phaseolus vulgaris on piglets, rats and chickens. Also the hypothesis of whether the negative effect on weight gain due to the inclusion of raw Phaseolus vulgaris in the diet can be attributed to an insufficient supply of amino acids was tested. Test diets containing 200 g raw Phaseolus beans/kg were balanced for digestible protein and amino acids; in one diet extra casein was incorporated. The main response criteria were live-weight gain and the weight of various organs including the intestine. Live-weight gain in piglets was markedly reduced during feeding 200 g raw Phaseolus vulgaris/kg in the diet, but not in rats and chickens. Addition of casein did not improve the weight gain of the piglets, indicating that a toxic factor was responsible for the reduced weight gain and not an insufficient supply of amino acids. The weights of the spleen and thymus were markedly reduced in the piglets when the diets with raw Phaseolus beans were given, but not in the rats and chickens. Additional supply of casein did not change this effect. Indications were found that when the supply of dietary protein is adequate there is no reduction in pancreas weight with raw Phaseolus beans as was observed in previous experiments. The weight of the intestine was increased in all three species due to feeding raw Phaseolus vulgaris.

scholarly journals Effect of an adequate-protein diet after a low-protein diet on protein catabolism in growing rats

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshimitsu Horie ◽  
Kiyoshi Ashida
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Diet Change ◽  
Protein Catabolism ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Liver Slices

1. Metabolic alterations related to protein catabolism were studied in rats in transitional states induced by changing from a low-protein (LP) (50 g casein/kg) diet to a high-protein (HP) (250 g casein/kg) diet.2. Twenty-four hours after the diet was changed, the rats showed a more rapid increase in live-weight gain than controls that had been fed on the HP diet throughout. On the 5th day after the diet change, their increase in body-weight had returned almost to the control rate. Food and therefore nitrogen intakes on the 1st and 5th days after the change in diet were the same as those of the controls. It seems likely therefore that the initial high rate of live-weight gain is an indication of a metabolic adaptation which occurred on the LP diet and which did not fully return to normal until the 5th day after the change of diet.3. N balance was higher 24 h after the change in diet than in the controls, owing to a reduction in total urinary N and in urea excretion, but when measured on the 5th day it was similar in both groups.4. Carcass N determination showed that, after 7 d on the LP diet total-, trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble- and TCA-insoluble-N contents (in terms of mg/g rat) were all slightly lower than control values but they had almost returned to normal 5 d after the diet change. There was a significant increase in the TCA-soluble-N content after 24 h on the HP diet to a value greater than the control value.5. Proteolysis was measured in vitro by incubation of liver slices and diaphragms under anaerobic conditions. With liver slices it was significantly lower 24 h after the diet change than in control rats. On the 5th day it was significantly higher than 24 h after the diet change but had not quite reached the control level. In the diaphragm, proteolysis was also lower 1 d after the diet change, and had not increased at all by the 5th day.6. Ureogenesis in the liver was reduced significantly 24 h after the diet change and it had almost returned to the control level on the 5th day. On the other hand, arginase (L-arginine amidinohydrolase; EC 3·5·3·1) activity was significantly lower 24 h after the diet change and did return completely to the control level on the 5th day.7. These results show that the initial increased N balance and reduced N excretion were due to enzymic adaptation to the LP diet, the reduced N excretion being attributable to reduction in hepatic urea production.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
L. J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. Sixteen male cross-bred lambs were given four diets, which differed in the ratio of protein to energy. The protein contents of the diets (on a dry-matter basis) were: 6.1% (diet A), 11.9% (diet B), 17.5% (diet C) and 22.9% (diet D).2. The experimental period of 7 weeks was divided into two 2-week periods (periods 1 and 2), and one 3-week period. The diets given to the lambs were changed between period 1 and period 2. In period 3 all the lambs were given the same dietary treatment as in period 2.3. The daily feed intake of the lambs was regulated according to live weight. Adjustments were made at the beginning of period 1 and of period 2. The level of feeding was 121 kcal/kg live weight 24 h. In period 3 the intake was the same as in period 2.4. Diet digestibility, live-weight gain, and nitrogen and sulphur balances were calculated for each lamb on each diet in all the periods. Wool growth on sample areas was measured over a 2-week and a 4-week period. These wool growth periods corresponded to treatment period 1, and treatment periods 2 and 3, respectively. At the end of the experiment the lambs were slaughtered and the composition of carcass and organs was determined.5. The mean digestibilities of energy, N, ether extractives and dry matter increased significantly as the protein content of the diet increased.6. The live-weight gain increased with increasing protein content of the diets, but only the difference between the means for diet A and all other diets was significant.7. The N and S balances increased with increasing intake of apparently digested N and S, and all differences between the means for individual diets were highly significant.8. There was a significant correlation between N balance and live-weight gain for each diet. However, when compared at the same late of gain, N balance increased as the protein content or the diet increased.9. Wool growth on the sample areas increased with an increase in the protein content of the diet and all differences between the means for individual diets were highly significant. There were no significant differences between the dietary treatments in their effect on the N and S contents of the wool. The mean values were 15.7% N and 2.87% S.10. The retention of N in the wool grown did not account for the increased N retention on the diets of higher protein content. The lambs given diet A, retained more N and S in wool than was supplied by the diet.11. The percentage of fat in the carcass decreased, and the percentage of protein increased as the protein content of the diet increased. The percentages of moisture and ash were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments.12. The percentages of moisture in the liver, pancreas and muscle decreased and the percentages of protein in the liver and muscle increased as the protein content of the diet increased. The ratio of N in the organs (with the exception of the spleen and pancreas) to N in the carcass was highest for lambs given the diet with least protein (diet A).

The effect of sward surface height on the response to mixed grazing by cattle and sheep

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
J. R. Jones ◽  
D. A. Davies ◽  
G. R. Davidson ◽  
J. E. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Species Combination ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effects of mixed grazing of sheep plus cattle under continuous stocking of permanent pasture at different sward heights. The experiment had a 2×3 factorial design, with two sward surface heights (4–5 and 8–10 cm) and three combinations of animal species viz., sheep only, cattle only and sheep plus cattle. There were two replicate plots of each treatment combination and the experiment was conducted over 2 years consecutively. The sheep were Beulah Speckled Face ewes and their single Suffolk-cross lambs while the cattle were yearling Charolais-cross steers. Six ‘core’ steers and six ‘core’ ewes and their lambs grazed plots, as appropriately, while additional, non-experimental steers and ewes and their lambs were used to maintain sward heights. Each year the steers and the ewes grazed the pastures from May to October, while lambs were weaned and removed each year from the experiment in July. There was no significant effect of mixed grazing on live-weight gain of steers, but ewes had significantly higher live-weight gains on the sheep plus cattle treatment than on the sheep-only treatment (82 v. 61 g/day;P<0·001). The live-weight gain of the lambs was higher on the mixed grazing treatment than on the sheep only treatment on the 8–10 cm sward height treatment (243 v. 212 g/day;P<0·05) but there was no significant difference on the 4–5 cm sward height treatment (260 v. 250 g/day;P>0·05). The total output of live-weight gain per ha from steers, ewes and lambs was not significantly affected by animal species combination. It is concluded that while output per ha is not enhanced by mixed grazing by sheep and cattle when sward height is controlled, the live-weight gain of ewes is increased and the live-weight gain of lambs can be increased on taller swards.

scholarly journals Reduction of body-weight gain enhances in vitro embryo production in overfed superovulated dairy heifers

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Freret ◽  
B Grimard ◽  
A A Ponter ◽  
C Joly ◽  
C Ponsart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of our study was to test whether a reduction in dietary intake could improve in vitro embryo production in superovulated overfed dairy heifers. Cumulus–oocyte complexes of 16 Prim’ Holstein heifers (14 ± 1 months old) were collected by ovum pick-up (OPU), every 2 weeks following superovulation treatment with 250 μg FSH, before being matured and fertilized in vitro. Embryos were cultured in Synthetic Oviduct Fluid medium for 7 days. Heifers were fed with hay, soybean meal, barley, minerals and vitamins. From OPU 1 to 4 (period 1), all heifers received individually for 8 weeks a diet formulated for a 1000 g/day live-weight gain. From OPU 5 to 8 (period 2), the heifers were allocated to one of two diets (1000 or 600 g/day) for 8 weeks. Heifers’ growth rates were monitored and plasma concentrations of metabolites, metabolic and reproductive hormones were measured each week. Mean live-weight gain observed during period 1 was 950 ± 80 g/day (n = 16). In period 2 it was 730 ± 70 (n = 8) and 1300 ± 70 g/day (n = 8) for restricted and overfed groups respectively. When comparing period 1 and period 2 within groups, significant differences were found. In the restricted group, a higher blastocyst rate, greater proportions of grade 1–3 and grade 1 embryos, associated with higher estradiol at OPU and lower glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate, were observed in period 2 compared with period 1. Moreover, after 6 weeks of dietary restriction (OPU 7), numbers of day 7 total embryos, blastocysts and grade 1–3 embryos had significantly increased. On the contrary, in the overfed group, we observed more <8 mm follicles 2 days before superovulation treatment, higher insulin and IGF-I and lower nonesterified fatty acids in period 2 compared with period 1 (no significant difference between periods for embryo production). After 6 weeks of 1300 g/day live-weight gain (OPU 7), embryo production began to decrease. Whatever the group, oocyte collection did not differ between period 1 and 2. These data suggest that following a period of overfeeding, a short-term dietary intake restriction (6 weeks in our study) may improve blastocyst production and embryo quality when they are low. However, nutritional recommendations aiming to optimize both follicular growth and embryonic development may be different.

The design and conduct of experiments to measure animal and herbage production responses to fertilizer nitrogen under cutting and grazing managements

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Large ◽  
J. M. Cobby ◽  
R. D. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Continuous Systems ◽  
Linear Extrapolation ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Fourth Experiment

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted to provide information on the precision of herbage sampling, the degree of replication and the logistics of managing rotational and continuous grazing experiments. In a third experiment the possibility of estimating herbage growth, during the rotational grazing of paddocks for 4 days, by linear extrapolation of measured growth estimates made during the interval between grazings was investigated. A fourth experiment was then conducted to investigate animal and herbage production responses to nitrogen applied at five levels over the range 80–900 kg N/ha with three replicates per treatment.Results from Expts 1 and 2 showed that similar precision could be obtained under both rotational and continuous systems of grazing with the same number of replicates and samples of herbage. There was little advantage in having more than three replicates and four samples per paddock or two replicates and eight samples per paddock. Under continuous grazing a 3-weekly sampling and movement of exclosure cages was indicated. It was also found, from Expt 3 that, under rotational grazing, linear extrapolation of growth from 0–24 days did not reflect growth to 28 days in a consistent manner. Six animals per treatment, permanently in the paddocks, proved adequate for the estimation of live-weight gain.Experiment 4 confirmed that response curves could be fitted with an acceptable degree of precision if there was one low, one very high, and two intermediate levels of nitrogen. Adjustment of the number of animals to maintain sward height at between 5 and 7 cm ensured similar sward conditions and rates of live-weight gain across all treatments.The problems associated with the measurement of herbage production under grazing are discussed.

Rice bran as a supplement to elephant grass for cattle and buffalo in Indonesia: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-722
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYIndonesian Ongole and swamp buffalo bulls that had previously been given 0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6 or 4·8 kg/head/day rice bran plus ad libitum elephant grass were slaughtered after 161 days feeding. Abdominal depot fat, full and empty reticulo-rumen and cold carcass weights were recorded. Various carcass variables were measured and the 9–10–11 rib joints were dissected into bone, muscle and fat. Carcass gross energy was calculated from rib-fat content using previously determined regression equations. Feed efficiency was expressed in terms of the ratios of live-weight gain or carcass-energy accretion to metabolizable energy available for growth.Increasing supplementation with rice bran resulted in larger abdominal fat depots, higher dressing percentages, increased carcass fatness (and hence carcass gross energy) and improved rib muscle to bone ratios. Carcass conformation was unaffected by dietary treatment. When feed efficiency was expressed per unit live-weight gain, there was a decrease with increasing rice-bran feeding. Feed efficiency, expressed per unit of carcass energy accretion, improved with rice-bran supplementation and was generally higher in buffalo than in Ongole bulls. Dietary and species differences in feed efficiency could be primarily explained by the differential energy cost of deposition of, and the availability of energy from, carcass protein and lipid.

The effect of winter food level on compensatory growth of weaned, suckled calves grazed at two sward heights

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Winter Food ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Winter Feeding

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted with weaned, suckled calves to investigate the effect of feeding level during the post-weaning winter on their subsequent performance when continuously grazed on pasture maintained at two sward heights. Low, medium and high levels of winter feeding resulted in winter live-weight gains of 0·31, 0·58 and 0·79 (s.e. 0·027) kg/day (P < 0·001) during the 152-day winter in experiment 1 and 0·44, 0·69 and 0·84 (s.e. 0·029) kg/day (P < 0·001) for 189 days in experiment 2. During summer (93 days in experiment 1 and 87 days in experiment 2) there was a significant effect of winter food level on performance when live-weight gains were 1·10, 1·02, 0·87 and 1·35, 1·23 and 1·19 (s.e. 0·060) kg/day for the low, medium and high winter food levels on the short and tall swards respectively in experiment 1 (P < 0·01) and 0·86, 0·66, 0·51 and 1·26, 1·18 and 0·91 (s.e. 0090) kg/day in experiment 2 (P < 0·001). The cattle showing compensatory growth had higher herbage intakes and it is postulated that this occurred because of a negative association between body fat and herbage intake. Sward height had a large positive effect on herbage intake and live-weight gain and it is concluded that for maximum intake on ryegrass swards, herbage height should be at least 8 cm. Lower levels of winter live-weight gain delayed the time to slaughter, but allowed cattle to achieve heavier carcass weights at a fixed level of fatness.It is concluded that there is no single optimum winter food level for weaned, suckled calves but that the choice will depend upon several factors, including availability of winter and summer food resources, the length of the winter feeding period, the desired date of slaughter and type of carcass to be produced.

The utilization of maize silage for intensive beef production: I. The effect of level and source of supplementary nitrogen on the utilization of maize silage by cattle of different ages

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
J. M. Wilkinson ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Urea Addition

SUMMARYFifty-four British Friesian castrated male calves, initially 3, 6 or 9 months of age (107, 180 and 249 kg initial live weight, respectively), were individually fed for 83 days on maize silage (27·9% dry matter (D.M.), 10·7% crude protein in D.M.), offeredad libitum. Silage was offered either alone or supplemented with cobs of dried lucerne (21% of total D.M. intake). Three levels of urea (0, 1 and 2% of silage D.M.) were added to the silage before feeding.Total D.M. intakes averaged 23·0, 23·4 and 21·6 g/kg live weight (LW) for the 3-, 6- and 9-month-old animals, respectively. Addition of urea increased silage intake by 11% in the 6-month-old group but there was little effect in the 3- and 9-month-old groups. Lucerne supplementation reduced silage D.M. intake from 22·0 to 18·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001) and increased total D.M. intake by 1·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001).Live-weight gain (LWG) of the cattle fed on silage alone increased (P< 0·001) with increasing age of animal. The main effect of urea was to elevate (P< 0·001) LWG from an average of 0·79 (no urea) to 0·94 kg/head/day (2% urea). However, it appeared that most of this effect was confined to the 6-month-old group. The effect of lucerne on LWG decreased with increasing age of animal (P< 0·001). Inclusion of lucerne in the diet significantly reduced the response to urea (P< 0·05).Feed conversion efficiency (LWG/100 Mcal DE intake) decreased (P< 0·01) with increasing age of animal but increased with urea addition from an average of 4·7 (no urea) to 5·3 kg LWG/100 Meal DE intake (2% urea). The response to lucerne supplementation in terms of efficiency was greatest in the 3-month-old group and thereafter declined markedly with increasing age of animal.The results of this experiment indicated that cattle older than 6 months of age (180 kg LW) could achieve a rate of growth of 1·0 kg/head/day on maize silage supplemented solely with urea, but that younger animals required supplementary lucerne to support a high rate of live-weight gain.

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