scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Carter ◽  
W. Larry Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 200 ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Osmotic Load ◽  
Active Substances

The site where osmotically active substances act to depress food intake was determined in sheep. After 5 × 5 h of food deprivation, solutions of sodium chloride or polyethylene glycol-200 (PEG-200) were added to either the reticulo-rumen or the abomasum. The sheep were then immediately offered pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa). Water was withheld during the first 60 min of feeding but was available from 60 to 90 min. There was a linear inhibition in food intake in the first 10 min after loading 2.37, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0 or 50.0g NaCI into the rumen according to a 5.5 Latin square design (P = 0.0001). The intake reduction was 3.49 g food/g NaCI. An osmotic load of PEG-200 equivalent to 50 g NaCI also significantly inhibited food intake in the first 10 min of the meal compared with a control treatment. The inhibition of food intake after loading 55 g NaCI into the rumen was not affected by injecting lidocaine hydrochloride into the reticulum immediately before NaCI loading. NaCI injected into the abomasum did not significantly affect food intake in the first 10 min of feeding even though the tonicity of abomasal digesta was increased to unphysiological levels. There was no consistent relationship between food intake and the change in the tonicity of jugular plasma following solute loading and drinking. The sensing site of hypertonicity was localized to the wall of the reticulo-rumen where neuronal receptors appear to be capable of detecting osmotic pressure within the physiological range to depress food intake. These receptors should be identified and characterized because of their possible significance in limiting food intake by ruminants.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum ◽  
H. W. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Acid Salt ◽  
Related Effect ◽  
Sham Feeding ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. Sheep with oesophageal fistulas were sham-fed on pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay to assess the palatability of added chemicals representing the tastes of sweet (sucrose), sour (hydrochloric acid), salt (sodium chloride), bitter (urea) and umami (monosodium glutamate; MSG).2. Plain pellets and four concentrations of each chemical were sham-fed for 30 min after 5·5 h deprivation in 5x5 Latin-square experiments following a period of adaptation feeding.3. Sucrose, at concentrations of 15–120 g/kg air-dried pellets, depressed intakes with a linear relation between intake (I; g) and concentration (C; g/kg): I = 1001-3·42C.4. HCl at 6·25–25·0 g/kg pellets had no effect on sham intakes but at 50 g/kg reduced them by 50% of control (P < 0·05).5. NaCl at 50–200 g/kg increased sham intakes by 26% (P < 0·01) with no evidence of a dose-related effect.6. Urea at 10–80 g/kg decreased sham intakes by 26·9% (P < 0·01) with no evidence of a dose-related effect.7. MSG at 5–40 g/kg in two experiments increased sham intakes by 16·1 and 40·8% (P < 0·05). In another experiment at 1-8 g/kg there wasno significant effect.8. When palatability and post-ingestive effects are separated by sham-feeding, the effect of added chemicals on intake may be completely different from when they are ingestednormally (e.g. NaCl and sucrose). This newly developed technique enables the palatabilityeffect of feed additives to be tested critically and economically.

Food intake and ruminal osmolality in sheep: differentiation of the effect of osmolality from that of the products of maize silage fermentation

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Phillip ◽  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith ◽  
W. L. Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Ruminal Contractions

SUMMARYFive rumen-cannulated Cheviot lambs were used in two successive experiments to differentiate the effect of osmolality from the specific effects of the soluble compounds in maize silage on voluntary intake and ruminal motility. In Expt 1, extracts from fresh (FCE) and ensiled (CSE) maize were adjusted to pH 6·5 andtonicities of 200, 400, 800, and 1600 m-osmol/kg with NaCl, then infused into the rumen according to a 5×5 repeated latin-square design. Water was infused as the control. In Expt 2 solutions of NaCl, with tonicities similar to those in Expt 1, were also infused into the rumen. The lambs were fed ad libitum a diet of pelleted lucerne, but on the morning of infusion they were deprived of food for 4 h and infused continuously for 4 h commencing after 1 h of food deprivation. The infusion of FCE and CSE resulted in no significant difference in cumulative dry matter (D.M.) intake. However, increasing the tonicities of the infusates caused a linear increase (P < 0·05) in ruminal osmolality and a corresponding linear reduction in food intake during the first 30 min of feeding. Infusion of NaCl alone produced a similar effect on intake. The linear regression coefficients of food intake (Y) (g D.M./kg W0·75) against rumen osmolality (X) (m-osmol/kg) were –0·077±0·0085 (r2 = 0·78), –0·082±0·0095 (r2 = 0·76) and –0·073±0·0065 (r2 = 0·84) for FCE, CSE and NaCl, respectively, with no significant differences among the infusates. The frequencies of ruminal contractions during the infusion of FCE and CSE were similar (P > 0·05) and were unaffected (P > 0·05) by ruminal osmolality up to 550 m-osmol.

A comparison of the effects on voluntary intake by sheep of either dietary or intra-ruminal addition of silage juices

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
N.W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Juice Extraction ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

AbstractTwo silages were made from a regrowth of perennial ryegr ass following a 24-h wilt using either 2·5 l/t (LF) or 5·5 l/t (HF) of Add Safe (an aqueous solution of ammonium tetraformate, Trouw Nutrition, Cheshire, UK). Composition of silages LF and HF respectively were for dry matter (DM, g/kg) 205, 217; crude protein (g/kg DM) 106, 104; digestible organic matter (g/kg DM) 665, 692, pH 3·8, 3·9; lactic acid (g/kg DM) 103, 84; neutralizing value (meq/kg DM) 1051, 892; acetic acid (g/kg DM) 18·4, 14·0. Experiment A measured the intakes of the two silages using 12 Scottish Blackface wether lambs (mean live weight 25 kg) using a cross-over design with periods of 21 days. Intakes (g DM per day) were significantly greater (P < 0·05) for silage HF (329) than for LF (268). Experiment B measured the voluntary intakes of dried silage residues following juice extraction using the same protocol as for experiment A, except that only six lambs were used. There were no significant differences in composition or intake (P > 0·05) of the dried residues from the two silages. Experiment C used a 5 × 5 Latin-square design to measure the effects on voluntary intake of adding juices from the two silages to unmolassed sugar-beet nuts (SBN) pre-feeding or administered directly into the rumen in two discrete doses per day. Sheep on treatments LED and HFD received juices added to SBN (1·5 l/kg) and water added into the rumen in equal volume to the juice consumed with the previous day’s SBN. Treatments LFR and HFR received water added to the SBN (1·5 l/kg) and juice into the rumen in equal volume to the water consumed with the previous day’s SBN. The control treatment (W) was water added both to the SBN and into the rumen. Total mean daily intakes (g/day) were 1930,1954,1296, 2034 and 1703 (s.e.d. 179) for treatments LED, HFD, LFR, HFR and W respectively. Treatment LFR gave significantly lower mean daily intakes (P < 0·05) than all other treatments. Values for pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the rumen fluid were not significantly affected by treatment (P > 0·05). Differences in voluntary intake for the two silages made from the same crop using different ensilage methods were attributed to differences in the silage liquid and volatile phases and not to the non-volatile solid phase. The effects of juice composition on intake were greater when added directly to the rumen than when added to the diet suggesting that effects on taste or smell were relatively unimportant.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Polyethylene Tube ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Compensatory Feeding ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. Sheep equipped with rumen and abomasal cannulas were given ad lib. access to ground and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay except for periods of up to 6 h immediately before experimental sessions in which food intake was measured while various stomach compartments were either distended or subjected to tactile stimulation from a probe.2. Inserting a probe, consisting of two collapsed balloons tied onto the end of a polyethylene tube, into the reticulum depressed intake by 24% after 30 min of feeding (P < 0.025). Compensatory feeding was observed during the 30 min period immediately following removal of the probes. There were no effects of having a probe in the abomasum.3. Distension of the reticulum with 0–800 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.2 g/ml after 30 min of feeding (P < 0.05). Removing the balloons from the animals allowed them to make up the deficit in intake completely within 30 min. Distending the rumen by 800 ml had no effect on intake (P < 0.05). Distending the abomasum with up to 1000 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.11 g/ml after 30 min of feeding with compensatory feeding being significant (P < 0.05) but incomplete.4. Combinations of reticular distension up to 800 ml and of abomasal distension up to 1200 ml did not have additive depressing effects on intake.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Threshold Dose ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Contraction Amplitude ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. Sheep given ground and pelleted lucerne hay (Medicago sativa)ad lib.were infused intravenously with pentagastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and its analogues to assess their effects on motility of the reticulo-rumen and on food intake. In the latter experiments the animals were deprived of their diet for periods of up to 6 h to induce hunger and the infusions were made before and during 3–10 min periods of feeding.2. Pentagastrin, an analogue of gastrin, depressed intake by 35–50% (P< 0.05) when it was infused at 9 μg/kg per h during 30 min of feeding. The threshold may however be below 1 μg/kg per h as this dose decreased intake of 12–17%. The frequency of reticular contractions decreased by 13, 35, 39 and 44% when 1, 3, 9 and 27 μg pentagastrin/kg per h respectively was infused (P> 0.025).3. Secretin depressed food intake 38% after 30 min (P> 0.025) when 8 Clinical Units (CU)/kg per h was infused but the threshold could be less than this dose since 0.5 CU/kg per h depressed intake by 12%. Contraction amplitude but not frequency decreased at 8 CU/kg per h.4. CCK produced a 39% decrease in intake during the first 10 min of feeding (P< 0.05) and the threshold was between 5 and 15 Ivy Dog Units (IDU) or 425 and 1276 pmol/kg per h. The frequency of reticular contractions was not affected by 1.7 IDU/kg per h but it was depressed 21 and 63% by 5 and 15 IDU/kg per h. Octapeptide at 1.5 and 3 μg (1312 and 2624 pmol)/kg per h depressed intake by 11 and 43% respectively after 10 min (not significant) and 1.5 μg/kg per h depressed motility by 39% (P< 0.01). Ceruletide at 810 ng (599 pmol)/kg per h depressed intake by 31% (not significant) after 10 min and decreased motility by 52% (P> 0.05). The threshold dose for ceruletide on intake appeared to be about 90 ng or 66 pmol/kg per h which is considerably less than that for CCK or octapeptide.5. The biological significance of gastrointestinal hormones as signals of satiety in normal sheep is not known since doses of pentagastrin and CCK that suppressed intake also interfered quite markedly with motility. However there is good reason to suspect that elevated concentrations of gastrin and CCK in blood of parasitized sheep may account at least in part for their symptoms of rumen atony and reduced food intakes.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum ◽  
G. D. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Faecal Output ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. Twelve sheep fitted with abomasal cannulas were givenad lib.access to a diet of chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay to ascertain if the amount of digesta being transported by the intestines was limiting intake. If this was the situation, pumping a solution of the bulk-laxative methylcellulose (100 g/kg; MC) into the abomasum should have reduced intake in proportion to the mass of digesta attributable to the MC and associated water. In preliminary experiments faecal water and wet matter ouptuts increased by 6.2 and 7.4 g/g MC powder respectively.2. The infusion of 2.95 kg MC/d did not affect food intake even though wet faecal output increased from a control value of 2.436 to 4.616 kg/d. The transit time of51Cr-EDTA through the intestines decreased only slightly during the infusion indicating that MC produced a marked increase in the mass of intestinal contents. Increasing the rate of infusion to 5.336 kg/d increased wet faecal output to 5.437 kg/d, did not change transit time but significantly decreased food intake presumably to protect the intestines from overdistension. After stopping the infusion, food intakes and faecal outputs returned to control values but transit time remained unchanged. The intake of chopped lucerne hay by sheep was not limited by the capacity of the small and large intestines to transport bulk as intake was maintained even though wet faecal output was doubled and the intestines apparently became markedly distended.

Development, Evaluation and Optimization of Osmotic Controlled Tablets of Aceclofenac for Rheumatoid Arthritis Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Bijaya Ghosh ◽  
Niraj Mishra ◽  
Preeta Bose ◽  
Moumita D. Kirtania
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 400 ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Cumulative Release ◽  
The Core

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is a dreaded disease, characterized by pain, inflammation and stiffness of joints, leading to severe immobility problems. The disease shows circadian variation and usually gets aggravated in early morning hours. Aceclofenac, a BCS Class II compound is routinely used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis. The objective of this study was to develop an osmotic delivery system of Aceclofenac that after administration at bedtime would deliver the drug in the morning hours. </P><P> Methods: A series of osmotically controlled systems of aceclofenac was developed by using lactose, sodium chloride and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M as osmogens. Cellulose acetate (2% w/v in acetone) with varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol-400 was used as the coating polymer to create semi permeable membrane and dissolution was carried out in 290 mOsm phosphate buffer. Formulation optimization was done from four considerations: cumulative release at the end of 6 hours (lag time), cumulative release at the end of 7 hours (burst time), steady state release rate and completeness of drug release. </P><P> Results: A formulation having swelling polymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in the core and lactose and sodium chloride as osmogens, polyethylene glycol-400 (16.39 %) as pore former, with a coating weight of 5% was a close fit to the target release profile and was chosen as the optimum formulation. Conclusion: Aceclofenac tablets containing lactose, HPMC and sodium chloride in the core, given a coating of cellulose acetate and PEG-400 (5% wt gain), generated a release profile for optimum management of rheumatoid arthritic pain.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Salt Reduction Measure Adoption among Chinese Residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Zeying Huang ◽  
Di Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Adaptive Lasso ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Salt Restriction ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Factors Affecting

China has the highest mortality rate caused by diseases and conditions associated with its high-salt diet. Since 2016, China has initiated a national salt reduction campaign that aims at promoting the usage of salt information on food labels and salt-restriction spoons and reducing condiment and pickled food intake. However, factors affecting individuals’ decisions to adopt these salt reduction measures remain largely unknown. By comparing the performances of logistic regression, stepwise logistic regression, lasso logistic regression and adaptive lasso logistic regression, this study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the adoption behaviour of 1610 individuals from a nationally representative online survey. It was found that the practices were far from adopted and only 26.40%, 22.98%, 33.54% and 37.20% reported the adoption of labelled salt information, salt-restriction spoons, reduced condiment use in home cooking and reduced pickled food intake, respectively. Knowledge on salt, the perceived benefits of salt reduction, participation in nutrition education and training programs on sodium reduction were positively associated with using salt information labels. Adoption of the other measures was largely explained by people’s awareness of hypertension risks and taste preferences. It is therefore recommended that policy interventions should enhance Chinese individuals’ knowledge of salt, raise the awareness of the benefits associated with a low-salt diet and the risks associated with consuming excessive salt and reshape their taste choices.

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