scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum ◽  
G. D. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Faecal Output ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. Twelve sheep fitted with abomasal cannulas were givenad lib.access to a diet of chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay to ascertain if the amount of digesta being transported by the intestines was limiting intake. If this was the situation, pumping a solution of the bulk-laxative methylcellulose (100 g/kg; MC) into the abomasum should have reduced intake in proportion to the mass of digesta attributable to the MC and associated water. In preliminary experiments faecal water and wet matter ouptuts increased by 6.2 and 7.4 g/g MC powder respectively.2. The infusion of 2.95 kg MC/d did not affect food intake even though wet faecal output increased from a control value of 2.436 to 4.616 kg/d. The transit time of51Cr-EDTA through the intestines decreased only slightly during the infusion indicating that MC produced a marked increase in the mass of intestinal contents. Increasing the rate of infusion to 5.336 kg/d increased wet faecal output to 5.437 kg/d, did not change transit time but significantly decreased food intake presumably to protect the intestines from overdistension. After stopping the infusion, food intakes and faecal outputs returned to control values but transit time remained unchanged. The intake of chopped lucerne hay by sheep was not limited by the capacity of the small and large intestines to transport bulk as intake was maintained even though wet faecal output was doubled and the intestines apparently became markedly distended.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Polyethylene Tube ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Compensatory Feeding ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. Sheep equipped with rumen and abomasal cannulas were given ad lib. access to ground and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay except for periods of up to 6 h immediately before experimental sessions in which food intake was measured while various stomach compartments were either distended or subjected to tactile stimulation from a probe.2. Inserting a probe, consisting of two collapsed balloons tied onto the end of a polyethylene tube, into the reticulum depressed intake by 24% after 30 min of feeding (P < 0.025). Compensatory feeding was observed during the 30 min period immediately following removal of the probes. There were no effects of having a probe in the abomasum.3. Distension of the reticulum with 0–800 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.2 g/ml after 30 min of feeding (P < 0.05). Removing the balloons from the animals allowed them to make up the deficit in intake completely within 30 min. Distending the rumen by 800 ml had no effect on intake (P < 0.05). Distending the abomasum with up to 1000 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.11 g/ml after 30 min of feeding with compensatory feeding being significant (P < 0.05) but incomplete.4. Combinations of reticular distension up to 800 ml and of abomasal distension up to 1200 ml did not have additive depressing effects on intake.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Threshold Dose ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Contraction Amplitude ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. Sheep given ground and pelleted lucerne hay (Medicago sativa)ad lib.were infused intravenously with pentagastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and its analogues to assess their effects on motility of the reticulo-rumen and on food intake. In the latter experiments the animals were deprived of their diet for periods of up to 6 h to induce hunger and the infusions were made before and during 3–10 min periods of feeding.2. Pentagastrin, an analogue of gastrin, depressed intake by 35–50% (P< 0.05) when it was infused at 9 μg/kg per h during 30 min of feeding. The threshold may however be below 1 μg/kg per h as this dose decreased intake of 12–17%. The frequency of reticular contractions decreased by 13, 35, 39 and 44% when 1, 3, 9 and 27 μg pentagastrin/kg per h respectively was infused (P> 0.025).3. Secretin depressed food intake 38% after 30 min (P> 0.025) when 8 Clinical Units (CU)/kg per h was infused but the threshold could be less than this dose since 0.5 CU/kg per h depressed intake by 12%. Contraction amplitude but not frequency decreased at 8 CU/kg per h.4. CCK produced a 39% decrease in intake during the first 10 min of feeding (P< 0.05) and the threshold was between 5 and 15 Ivy Dog Units (IDU) or 425 and 1276 pmol/kg per h. The frequency of reticular contractions was not affected by 1.7 IDU/kg per h but it was depressed 21 and 63% by 5 and 15 IDU/kg per h. Octapeptide at 1.5 and 3 μg (1312 and 2624 pmol)/kg per h depressed intake by 11 and 43% respectively after 10 min (not significant) and 1.5 μg/kg per h depressed motility by 39% (P< 0.01). Ceruletide at 810 ng (599 pmol)/kg per h depressed intake by 31% (not significant) after 10 min and decreased motility by 52% (P> 0.05). The threshold dose for ceruletide on intake appeared to be about 90 ng or 66 pmol/kg per h which is considerably less than that for CCK or octapeptide.5. The biological significance of gastrointestinal hormones as signals of satiety in normal sheep is not known since doses of pentagastrin and CCK that suppressed intake also interfered quite markedly with motility. However there is good reason to suspect that elevated concentrations of gastrin and CCK in blood of parasitized sheep may account at least in part for their symptoms of rumen atony and reduced food intakes.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Carter ◽  
W. Larry Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 200 ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Osmotic Load ◽  
Active Substances

The site where osmotically active substances act to depress food intake was determined in sheep. After 5 × 5 h of food deprivation, solutions of sodium chloride or polyethylene glycol-200 (PEG-200) were added to either the reticulo-rumen or the abomasum. The sheep were then immediately offered pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa). Water was withheld during the first 60 min of feeding but was available from 60 to 90 min. There was a linear inhibition in food intake in the first 10 min after loading 2.37, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0 or 50.0g NaCI into the rumen according to a 5.5 Latin square design (P = 0.0001). The intake reduction was 3.49 g food/g NaCI. An osmotic load of PEG-200 equivalent to 50 g NaCI also significantly inhibited food intake in the first 10 min of the meal compared with a control treatment. The inhibition of food intake after loading 55 g NaCI into the rumen was not affected by injecting lidocaine hydrochloride into the reticulum immediately before NaCI loading. NaCI injected into the abomasum did not significantly affect food intake in the first 10 min of feeding even though the tonicity of abomasal digesta was increased to unphysiological levels. There was no consistent relationship between food intake and the change in the tonicity of jugular plasma following solute loading and drinking. The sensing site of hypertonicity was localized to the wall of the reticulo-rumen where neuronal receptors appear to be capable of detecting osmotic pressure within the physiological range to depress food intake. These receptors should be identified and characterized because of their possible significance in limiting food intake by ruminants.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep 6. The effect of monosodium glutamate on the palatability of straw diets by sham-fed and normal animals

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo E. Colucci ◽  
W. Larry Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Sham Feeding ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Voluntary Intake

1. Sheep with oesophageal fistulas were used in sham-feeding experiments to assess how sham intakes were affected by (a) physical form of straw (finely and coarsely ground; ground and pelleted), (b) type of food (straw pellets v. lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay pellets) and (c) additions of monosodium glutamate (MSG) with or without NaCl to the various straw diets. Normal animals were also fed on diets with and without MSG. Sham intakes of fine-ground loose straw (25 g/30 min) were markedly less (P = 0.002) than those of ground and pelleted straw (711 g/30 min). However, MSG at 5–40 g/kg fine and coarse ground straw increased sham intakes by 146 (P = 0.04) and 164% (P = 0.01) respectively. These findings indicated that the intakes of poor-quality diets can be increased by compacting them or by improving their palatability with MSG, or both. Sham intakes of straw pellets in two experiments were 32 (P = 0.02) and 45% (P = 0.008) of those of lucerne pellets (436 v. 1366 and 737 v. 1640 g/30 min). However, MSG at 20 g/kg straw pellets increased sham intakes from 674 to 1100 g/30 min (P = 0.05). When the MSG was mixed with NaCl (20 g/kg), the intakes of straw pellets were increased from 1089 to 1512 g/30 min (P = 0.02). Thus, the addition of MSG with or without NaCl increased the intakes of straw pellets. The highest intakes of the straw pellets treated with MSG were similar to those for lucerne pellets. When MSG-treated ammoniated barley straw (10 g/kg) was fed to normal sheep, the MSG increased DM intakes by 10 % (719–789 g/d; P = 0.04). MSG sprayed onto grass hay (10 g/kg) did not, however, affect daily DM intakes by these sheep. In general, the findings indicate that the intake of straw by ruminants may be increased by compressing it to form pellets or cubes and by adding MSG.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Salt Reduction Measure Adoption among Chinese Residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Zeying Huang ◽  
Di Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Adaptive Lasso ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Salt Restriction ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Factors Affecting

China has the highest mortality rate caused by diseases and conditions associated with its high-salt diet. Since 2016, China has initiated a national salt reduction campaign that aims at promoting the usage of salt information on food labels and salt-restriction spoons and reducing condiment and pickled food intake. However, factors affecting individuals’ decisions to adopt these salt reduction measures remain largely unknown. By comparing the performances of logistic regression, stepwise logistic regression, lasso logistic regression and adaptive lasso logistic regression, this study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the adoption behaviour of 1610 individuals from a nationally representative online survey. It was found that the practices were far from adopted and only 26.40%, 22.98%, 33.54% and 37.20% reported the adoption of labelled salt information, salt-restriction spoons, reduced condiment use in home cooking and reduced pickled food intake, respectively. Knowledge on salt, the perceived benefits of salt reduction, participation in nutrition education and training programs on sodium reduction were positively associated with using salt information labels. Adoption of the other measures was largely explained by people’s awareness of hypertension risks and taste preferences. It is therefore recommended that policy interventions should enhance Chinese individuals’ knowledge of salt, raise the awareness of the benefits associated with a low-salt diet and the risks associated with consuming excessive salt and reshape their taste choices.

Digestibility and voluntary intake of roughages by wild boar and Meishan pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. van Wieren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractThe digestibility and voluntary intake of fibrous roughages and acorns was studied in six wild boar and five Meishan pigs. The neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) concentration of the diets ranged from 139 to 767 g/kg of the organic matter. Organic matter digestibility of acorns, mixed grass and wheat straw was higher in wild boar (P < 0·05) while voluntary food intake of the Meishan pigs was higher for mixed grass, hay and wheat straw (P < 0·05). Organic matter digestibility (P < 0·01) and NDF digestibility (P < 0·05) were both negatively related to NDF concentration of the diet. No relationship existed between voluntary food intake and NDF concentration of the diet. The apparent nitrogen (N) digestibility was positively related (P < 0·01) to dietary N while no relationship was found with dietary NDF. The negative effect of NDF on digestibility could only be partly explained by the lignin concentration of NDF. Much more important was the lower efficiency of the carbohydrate fermentation in the caecum and colon when compared with the direct absorption of glucose from the small intestine. It was estimated that digestible NDF at a maximum contributed proportionately 0·26 to the metabolizable energy intake of the animals. It was concluded that wild boar and domestic pigs should be able to maintain themselves on an all fresh grass diet when NDF concentration of the diet does not exceed about 550 g/kg and N concentration is not too low.

Effect of the extract of dry Serratula centauroides on the behavior of white rats in tests with positive reinforcement

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242
Author(s):  
Yanina G. Razuvaeva ◽  
Kristina V. Markova ◽  
Anyuta A. Toropova ◽  
Daniil N. Olennikov
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Criterion ◽  
Control Value ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Rapid Formation

The effect was studied of dry leaf extract of Serratula centauroides L. on the behavior of white rats (Wistar) in tests with positive reinforcement. It was revealed that the extract of S. centauroides at doses of 50200 mg/kg promotes in animals a decrease in the level of anxiety, adaptation to unfamiliar conditions, and as a consequence, to an increase in the volume of food intake. And also a more rapid formation of a conditioned reflex with positive reinforcement. In animals treated with S. centauroides extract, the volume of food taken in hypophagia test was 1.42.7 times higher than the control value. In the T-shaped maze, 5080% of the animals in the experimental groups developed a conditioned reflex to positive reinforcement, while none of the animals in the control group reached the learning criterion. The S. centauroides extract showed the most pronounced effect on the behavior of animals in tests with positive reinforcement at a dose of 100 mg/kg.

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