scholarly journals The effect of food deprivation on the fatty acid and lipid profile of red seabream (Pagrus major) larvae

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tandler ◽  
T. Watanabe ◽  
S. Satoh ◽  
K. Fukusho
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Pagrus Major ◽  
Red Seabream ◽  
Exponential Decline ◽  
Reduced Rate

Under conditions of food deprivation the lipid fraction of red seabream (Pagrus major) larvae shows patterns of conservation or loss in the profile of fatty acids and lipids. These changes were used for qualitative formulation of the dietary requirements of this species. Red seabream larvae were deprived of food for 5 d after hatching. Their lipid was extracted, weighed and analysed by gas–liquid chromatography and iatroscan for the presence of twenty-four fatty acids including n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), four polar lipids (PL) and four neutral lipids (NL). The results show an exponential decline in lipids with food deprivation, from a mean of 27.7 down to 11.8 mg/g wet larvae weight (LW). This loss could mainly be attributed to a decline in NL from 22.4 to 7.7 mg/g LW, in triacylglycerols, from 21 to 1 mg/g LW, and a change in cholesterol, from 1.3 to 4.2 mg/g LW after 5 d of food deprivation. PL declined from 5.3 to 4.1 mg/g LW in this period. The chief components of this fraction were phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Among the fatty acids, the chief decline was observed in saturates and monoenes. Carbon chain lengths of 14 to 18 made up 18.2 mg/g LW in hatched larvae, but only 4.8 mg/g LW in larvae which were deprived of food for 5 d after hatching. n−3 PUFA were lost at a slower rate, from 5.4 to 3.5 mg/g LW for the same period, suggesting that they were conserved. Finally, early larvae of red seabream showed a reduced rate of loss of n−6 relative to n−9 fatty acids, suggesting that the latter were used preferentially as an energy source.

Characterization of Newborn Fecal Lipid

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-515
Author(s):  
John B. Watkins ◽  
C. Michael Bliss ◽  
Robert M. Donaldson ◽  
Roger Lester
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fecal Lipid ◽  
Lipid Excretion ◽  
Long Chain

Fecal lipid excretion was quantitated and analyzed in two groups of normal infants 3 to 11 days and 23 to 72 days of age. Total lipid excretion was similar in both groups averaging 10.8% of dietary intake. Fecal lipid was partitioned into four fractions: neutral lipids, insoluble divalent calcium soaps, ionized fatty acids and bound lipids. The neutral lipid fraction predominated in both groups, equalling 56 ± 5.3% (mean ± S.E.M.) of fecal lipid. It contained significant quantities of glycerides (13.6 ± 6.0% of the total lipid excreted). Calcium soaps comprised the other major fraction (25 ± 5.3%); analysis of this fraction by gas liquid chromatography showed that it contained primarily long-chain saturated fatty acids. The demonstration of glycerides in fecal lipid establishes that lipolysis is defective in newborn infants. Identification of long-chain saturated fatty acids in the calcium soap fraction documents the association between calcium and saturated fatty acid excretion. The presence of fecal monoglyceride, while conceivably the result of colonic bacterial hydrolysis of triglyceride, raises the possibility that lipid micellization and/or mucosal transport is insufficient for optimal lipid absorption. Thus, the intraluminal phase and possibly the mucosal phase of lipid absorption are not fully developed in the full-term newborn infant.

scholarly journals Fatty Acids Profiles of Stipe and Blade from the Norwegian Brown Macroalga Laminaria hyperborea, Using Off-Line SPE and GC-MS

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Oksdøl Foseid ◽  
Hanne Devle ◽  
Yngve Stenstrøm ◽  
Carl Fredrik Naess-Andresen ◽  
Dag Ekeberg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Laminaria Hyperborea ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Lipid Fractions

A thorough analysis and comparison of the fatty acid profiles of stipe and blade from Laminaria hyperborea, a kelp species found in the northern Atlantic, is presented. Lipids were extracted and fractionated into neutral lipids, free fatty acids and polar lipids, then derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters prior to GC-MS analysis. A total of 42 fatty acids were identified and quantified, including the n-3 fatty acids α-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. An n-6/n-3 ratio of 0.8:1 was found in blade and 3.5:1 in stipe, respectively. The ratios vary between the lipid fractions within stipe and blade, with the lowest ratio in the polar lipid fraction of blade. The fatty acid amounts are higher in blade than in stipe, and the highest amounts of n-3 fatty acids are found within the neutral lipid fractions. The amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are 3.4 times higher in blade than stipe. This study highlights the compositional differences between the lipid fractions of stipe and blade from L. hyperborea. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, compared to saturated- and monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as the n-6/n-3-ratio, is known to influence human health. In the pharmaceutical, food, and feed industries this can be of importance for production and sale of different health products. Additionally, lipids are today among the unused by products of alginate production, exploiting this material for commercial interest should give both economical and environmental benefits.

Altered Free Fatty Acid Levels in Fresh or Canned Mutton as Indicators of Spoilage

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1050-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. VASUNDHARA ◽  
K. V. KUMUDAVALLY ◽  
T. R. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Chromatographic Profiles

Chromatographic profiles of neutral lipids from canned mutton products can indicate the presence of spoiled meat presterilization, particularly from changes in free fatty acid levels. Gas liquid chromatography analysis of free fatty acids of lean meat showed a 15-fold increase in palmitic, stearic and oleic acid contents as a result of canning spoiled meat when compared to insignificant increases in canned fresh meat.

The effect of long term storage on the lipid reserves and fatty acid composition of cysts and hatched juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Holz ◽  
D.J. Wright ◽  
R.N. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Neutral Lipid Fraction ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Acidic Phospholipids

AbstractThe lipid composition of three batches of single generation cysts of Globodera rostochiensis, stored dry at 4°C for 1,7 and 13 years, comprised 81%, 74% and 53% neutral lipids, 14%, 18% and 27% non-acidic phospholipids and 5%, 8% and 20% free fatty acids, respectively. Lipids in eggs from two batches of G. pallida cysts, stored for 3 and 7 years, comprised 80% and 67% neutral lipids, 15% and 23% non-acidic phospholipids and 5% and 10% free fatty acids, respectively. All batches contained the same fatty acids which were dominated by C18:l, C20:l and C20:4. The fatty acid profiles of hatched J2 of G. rostochiensis from two batches, stored for 1 and 9 years, differed only in their free fatty acid fractions. Thus, while it is not possible to determine the age of cysts by their fatty acid profile, it may be possible to use the relative amounts of the main lipid classes as an indicator of age. Four batches of hatched J2 of G. pallida were investigated, with sample A hatched during the second week in potato root diffusate, B during week 3, C during week 4 and D during weeks 5 and 6 and stored for 3.5 days (on average) after hatching. Total lipid content was 27.2%, 31.5%, 18.5% and 6.3% of the dry weight for A, B, C and D, respectively. In the neutral lipid fraction of D an increase in C18:l and to a lesser extent C18:2 was observed. In the free fatty acid fraction of sample D, the percentages of C18:l, C18:2 and C18:3 were greater but the percentages of C20:3 and C20:4 were smaller compared with sample C. Fresh early hatched J2 of G. rostochiensis were compared with later hatched and stored (for 13 days on average) individuals for their lipid content and fatty acid composition. The lipid content was 26.1% and 11.4% in fresh and stored J2, respectively. Total lipid consisted of 77% and 70% neutral lipid, 18% and 26% non-acidic phospholipid and 6% and 4% free fatty acid in fresh and stored J2, respectively. In the neutral lipid fraction of stored J2 C18:l, C16:0 and C18:0 increased, whereas C20:4, C20:l and C20:3 decreased. Therefore, both neutral lipid and free fatty acid fractions showed changes in their fatty acid profiles after long delayed hatching and/or storage in both PCN species.

scholarly journals Phospholipid Furan Fatty Acids and Ubiquinone-8: Lipid Biomarkers That May Protect Dehalococcoides Strains from Free Radicals

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 8426-8433 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. White ◽  
Roland Geyer ◽  
Aaron D. Peacock ◽  
David B. Hedrick ◽  
Stephen S. Koenigsberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenation ◽  
Furan Fatty Acids ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Dehalococcoides species have a highly restricted lifestyle and are only known to derive energy from reductive dehalogenation reactions. The lipid fraction of two Dehalococcoides isolates, strains BAV1 and FL2, and a tetrachloroethene-to-ethene-dechlorinating Dehalococcoides-containing consortium were analyzed for neutral lipids and phospholipid fatty acids. Unusual phospholipid modifications, including the replacement of unsaturated fatty acids with furan fatty acids, were detected in both Dehalococcoides isolates and the mixed culture. The following three furan fatty acids are reported as present in bacterial phospholipids for the first time: 9-(5-pentyl-2-furyl)-nonanoate (Fu18:2ω6), 9-(5-butyl-2-furyl)-nonanoate (Fu17:2ω5), and 8-(5-pentyl-2-furyl)-octanoate (Fu17:2ω6). The neutral lipids of the Dehalococcoides cultures contained unusually large amounts of benzoquinones (i.e., ubiquinones [UQ]), which is unusual for anaerobes. In particular, the UQ-8 content of Dehalococcoides was 5- to 20-fold greater than that generated in aerobically grown Escherichia coli cultures relative to the phospholipid fatty acid content. Naphthoquinone isoprenologues (MK), which are often found in anaerobically grown bacteria and archaea, were also detected. Dehalococcoides shows a difference in isoprenologue pattern between UQ-8 and MK-5 that is atypical of other bacteria capable of producing both quinone types. The difference in UQ-8 and MK-5 isoprenologue patterns strongly suggests a special function for UQ in Dehalococcoides, and Dehalococcoides may utilize structural modifications in its lipid armamentarium to protect against free radicals that are generated in the process of reductive dechlorination.

Mitochondrial lipids in Bufo arenarum full-grown oocytes

Zygote ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Gili ◽  
Telma S. Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Unsaturation Index ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Bufo Arenarum ◽  
Chain Lengths

Both the content and composition of polar and neutral lipids from the mitochondrial fraction of ovarian full-grown Bufo arenarum oocytes were analysed in the present study. Triacylglycerols (TAG) represent 33% of the total lipids, followed by phosphatidylcholine (PC), free fatty acids (FFA) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) or cardiolipin, a specific component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, represents about 4% of the total lipid content. Palmitic (16:0) and arachidonic (20:4n6) acids are the most abundant fatty acids in PC and PE, respectively. DPG is enriched in fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of 18, the principal component being linoleic acid. In phosphatidylinositol (PI), 20:4n6 and stearic acid (18:0) represent about 72 mol% of the total acyl group level. The main fatty acids in TAG are linoleic (18:2), oleic (18:1), and palmitic acids. The fatty acid composition of FFA and diacylglycerols (DAG) is similar, 16:0 being the most abundant acyl group. PE is the most unsaturated lipid and sphingomyelin (SM) has the lowest unsaturation index.

Effets physiologiques de l'atrazine à doses sublétales sur Lemna minor L. IV. Influence sur la composition lipidique

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1015-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Grenier ◽  
J. P. Marier ◽  
G. Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Linoleic Acid Content ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

The lipids and the fatty acids of duck weed (Lemna minor L.), cultivated aseptically during 5, 10, or 15 days in mineral solution containing sublethal concentrations of atrazine (0.05 to 0.75 ppm), were analysed by thin-layer and gas–liquid chromatography. All concentrations of atrazine used, independently of age of plants, increased the total fatty acid content, except for 5-day plants at 0.50 and 0.75 ppm atrazine where a decrease in total fatty acids was observed. α-Linolenic acid content increased while linoleic acid content decreased. Sublethal concentrations of atrazine increased the percentage of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol compared with total phospholipids and total neutral lipids. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was the main lipid involved in the α-linolenic acid increase observed in the total fatty acids. The increase in α-linolenic acid and in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in the presence of sublethal concentrations of atrazine is an indication that these treatments maintain intact and fully functional chloroplast membranes.

scholarly journals Metabolism of hexacosatetraenoic acid (C26:4,n-6) in immature rat brain

1990 ◽  
Vol 267 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
B S Robinson ◽  
D W Johnson ◽  
A Poulos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Neonatal Rat Brain

Rat brain was recently found to contain polyenoic very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) belonging to the n-3 and n-6 series with four, five and six double bonds and even-carbon chain lengths from 24 to 38 [Robinson, Johnson & Poulos (1990) Biochem. J. 265, 763-767]. In the present paper, the metabolism in vivo of hexacosatetraenoic acid (C26:4,n-6) was studied in neonatal rat brain. Rats were injected intracerebrally with [1-14C]C26:4,n-6 and the labelled metabolites were examined after 4 h. Radioactivity was detected mainly in non-esterified fatty acids, with smaller amounts in other neutral lipids and phospholipids. Radiolabelled fatty acid products included C28-36 tetraenoic and C26-28 pentaenoic VLCFA formed by elongation and desaturation of the substrate, and C14-24 saturated, C16-24 monoenoic, C18-24 dienoic, C18-22 trienoic and C20-24 tetraenoic fatty acids formed from released [1-14C]acetate either by synthesis de novo or by elongation of endogenous fatty acids. The data suggest that polyenoic VLCFA are synthesized in brain from shorter-chain precursor fatty acids and undergo beta-oxidation.

METABOLIC PATTERNS OF THE FATTY ACIDS OF PERIPLANTETA AMERICANA (L.) DURING ITS EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Kinsella
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Patterns ◽  
Oleic And Linoleic Acids

The fatty acid composition of the various lipid fractions of Periplanteta americana was analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography at successive stages during embryogenesis. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of at least 30 fatty acids during all stages of the life cycle ranging in carbon chain length from C6 through C24. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids composed over 95% of the total fatty acids. The percentage distribution of major fatty acids remained constant throughout the life cycle. Total fatty acid content decreased by 28% during development mainly because of the catabolism of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. Fatty acid patterns suggest that partially hydrolyzed triglyceride molecules are converted to phospholipid molecules during development.

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