scholarly journals The influence of protein:energy value of the ration and level of feed intake on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of the growing pig

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
F. Berschauer ◽  
R. P. Heavens
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rate Of Increase

1. The heat losses and energy and nitrogen balances of thirty-six individually-housed, entire male pigs (initial body-weight 18–30 kg) were measured over 7 d periods, when they were fed on rations containing 153, 201 and 258 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM). The rations also contained 16·29, 16·96 and 17·24 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM so that the CP:ME values were 9·4, 11·8 and 15·0 g CP/MJ ME respectively. Each ration was given at three levels, 20, 35 and 50 g feed/kg body-weight per d, thus giving nine dietary treatments. The experiments were carried out at an environmental temperature of 22 (±1)°.2. Heat loss (H) increased significantly (P < 0·01) with increase in ME intake. The rate of increase in H was not, however, influenced by the protein content of the ration. Thus, energy retention (ER) at any given level of ME intake was independent of the ration offered. From the relationship between ER and ME, estimates of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and the partial efficiency of energy utilization (k) were determined. MEm varied within the range 494–568 kJ/kg body-weight0·75 per d, while k varied from 0·70 to 0·76.3. Both energy and protein intakes had a significant influence upon the rates of protein (P) and fat (F) deposition, and hence body-weight gain. At any given level of feed intake P was higher and F lower the higher the protein content of the ration. However, when compared at similar levels of protein intake, both P and F were reduced the higher the protein content of the ration.4. From the multiple regression equations relating P and F to ME, individual estimates of MEm and the energetic efficiencies of protein (kp) and fat (kF) depositions were determined. Using an overall mean kF value of 0·86, it was calculated that MEm ranged from 462 to 525 kJ/kg body-weight0·75 per d while kp varied from 0·48 to 0·55. The significance of these estimates of kp are discussed in the light of their derivations and in relation to theoretical values.

scholarly journals The influence of protein:energy value of the ration and level of feed intake on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of the growing pig

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Berschauer ◽  
W. H. Close ◽  
D. B. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
The Relationship

1. The nitrogen balances of thirty-six individually-housed, entire male pigs (body-weight range 19–50 kg) were measured over 7 d periods when the animals were kept initially at an environmental temperature of 22° and then at 10° while fed on rations containing 153, 201 and 258 g crude protein (N × 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM). The respective metabolizable energy (ME) contents were 16·29, 16·96 and 17·24 MJ/kgDM. Each ration was given at three levels, 20, 35 and 50 g feed/kg body-weight per d. The animals fed on the 20 and 35 g/kg feeding level were catheterized and blood samples withdrawn on two consecutive days within the N-balance periods for the determination of blood urea (BU) concentration both before and at hourly intervals for 7 h following the morning feed.2. An increase in feed intake resulted in a significant increase in N retention (NR) at each environmental temperature. However, NR as a proportion of N intake was higher the lower the protein content of the ration. With the exception of the animals fed on the low-protein ration, NR at any given feed intake was lower at 10° than at 22° and these differences were reflected in the animal's body-weight gain.3. Values for the fasting N metabolism (Nf), calculated from the relationship between NR and intake of digestible N (IDN), were temperature-dependent. At 22°, a constant Nfvalue of 0·255 g N/kg body-weight0·75per d was found appropriate, while at 10° Nfincreased with increase in protein content of the ration from 0·380 on the low protein ration to 0·533 and 0·753 g N/kg body-weight0·75per d on the medium- and high-protein rations respectively.4. The efficiency of N utilization (kN) reflected the differences in the relationships between NR and IDN. At 22° the relationship was curvilinear so thatkNdecreased with increase in both the level of feed intake and the protein content of the ration. At 10° the relationship was linear, hencekNwas independent of feed intake within rations. However, it decreased from 0·909 to 0·679 as the protein content of the ration was increased.5. The concentration of BU attained a maximal value some 3–5 h after the ingestion of the feed, with the values at 10° being higher than those at 22°. BU increased as the level of protein in the ration increased but decreased with the level of feed intake when dietary protein concentration was held constant. There was a significant correlation between BU andkN, indicating that BU is a useful criterion for assessing the efficiency of N utilization.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage offered to young steers: Effects on growth, body composition and nutrient efficiency

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SANDERSON ◽  
M. S. DHANOA ◽  
C. THOMAS ◽  
A. B. McALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Growth and efficiencies of nitrogen and energy utilization for growth by 72 young British Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 110 kg) offered a well preserved, formic acid-treated, perennial ryegrass silage with and without supplements of fish meal were examined. Silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50, 100 or 150 g fish meal/kg silage dry matter (DM) and each diet was offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM/kg LW/day. Treatments were imposed over a period of 132 days. Body component weight gains were determined by comparative slaughter.Increasing the level of either feeding or fish meal increased rates of empty body weight gain linearly (P<0·001) and curvilinearly (P<0·05) respectively. Fish-meal supplementation increased rates of ash and crude protein gain (P<0·001) but, in comparison with the curvilinear response to increasing level of feeding (P<0·001), had small linear effects on fat gain (P>0·01). Consequently, in terms of whole body composition, animals given fish meal were leaner than animals offered silage alone. Fish-meal supplementation had no significant effect on the composition of the carcass but increased the concentration of protein in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.The increase in nitrogen intake associated with feeding fish meal resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization as level of fish meal increased. Nitrogen intake required for maintenance was estimated to be 1·054 g/kg LW0·75. In spite of marked differences in the composition of the empty body-weight gain, there was no evidence to support an effect of fish meal on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for growth (kf) which was estimated to be 0·346 on the basis of data scaled by LW0·75. ME intake required for maintenance (MEm) was estimated to be 0·536 and 0·502 MJ/kg LW0·75 for silage alone and the 150 g fish-meal level respectively.

Determining the equivalent phosphorus released by an Escherichia coli-derived phytase in broiler chicks

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Adedokun ◽  
J. S. Sands ◽  
O. Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Response Variables

Seven-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a 14-d experiment to determine the equivalency value of a new phytase using corn-soybean meal based diets. The experimental diets consisted of positive control (PC) or negative control (NC) diets which were formulated to contain 5.0 or 1.2 g kg-1 non-phytate P, respectively, with a total P of 7.7 or 3.9 g kg-1, respectively; and respective calcium levels of 10.0 or 7.6 g kg-1. The test diets were formulated by the addition of monosodium phosphate (MSP; analyzed to contain 224.0 g kg-1 P) to the NC diet to supply 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 g of P kg-1 diet, and phytase was added to the NC diet at 500 FTU or 1000 FTU kg-1 at the expense of corn starch. Each diet was randomly assigned to eight cages of four birds each. Body weight gain (BWG) showed both linear and quadratic increase (P < 0.05) with increasing level of dietary P or phytase supplementation (450 to 656 or 603 g, respectively). Feed efficiency (g BWG/g feed intake) increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increase in P or phytase supplementation and quadratic effect to increasing level of phytase (P < 0.05) supplementation (0.699 to 0.793 or 0.758 g, respectively). Percent tibia and toe ash increased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to supplemental P from MSP or phytase supplementation (37.7 and 8 to 47.9 and 10.9 or 45.2 and 10, respectively). Total intestinal tract P and N digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing P supplementation and showed increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) response to phytase. The response variables, BWG, toe and tibia ash, feed intake and final body weight were used for P equivalency calculation. By solving the equated linear regression equations for the supplemental inorganic P intake and supplemental phytase intake for each of the response variables, between 0.930 and 1.101 g of P was released by 1000 FTU of phytase. The results of this study showed that this phytase was efficacious in hydrolyzing phytate P for bone mineralization and growth of broiler chicks. Key words: Chicks, equivalency value, monosodium phosphate, phosphorus, phytase

scholarly journals Energy utilization for body weight gain of ram-lambs fed differently processed breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) meal in total mixed rations.

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
M. I Okoruwa
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Ram Lambs

The study was carried out to estimate the energy utilization for body weight gain in West African dwarf ram-lambs fed differently processed breadfruit meal in total mixed rations. Twenty non-castrated ram-lambs, about 7months of age with an average-initial body weight of 6.00 ± 0.55kg, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with five ram-lambs per treatment group in a completely randomized design. Ficus foliage with differently processed breadfruit meals and concentrate diet were used as treatment diets. Diet A (50% unpeeled raw breadfruit meal +20% Ficus foliage + 30% concentrate diet) B (50% peeled raw breadfruit +20% Ficus foliage + 30% concentrate diet), C (50% unpeeled soaked breadfruit meal +20% Ficus foliage + 30% concentrate diet) and D (50% unpeeled boiled breadfruit meal + 20% Ficus foliage + 30% concentrate diet). Results showed that faecal energy output (999.41MJ/g/day DM) was significantly (P< 0.05) highest in treatment diet Acompared with other treatment diets. Ram-lambs on treatment diets B and C had the significantly highest (P < 0.05) on digestible energy intake (1310.84 and 1295.62 MJ/g/day DM), metabolizable energy intake (1074.89 and 1062.41MJ/g/day DM), average total weight gain (4.18 and 4.13kg) and average daily weight gain (87.08 and 86.04g) compared with treatment diets A and D. Gross energy intake (4503.00MJ/g/day), average total feed intake (13.68kg), average daily feed intake (285.00g) and feed conversion ratio (4.44) were significantly (P < 0.05) better in ram-lambs on treatment diet D. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in urinary energy loss, metabolizability and initial body weight of ram-lambs. It was therefore concluded that diets B and C enhanced efficiency of energy utilization for body weight gain of ram-lambs.

A comparative evaluation of functions for the analysis of growth in male broilers

2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. DARMANI KUHI ◽  
E. KEBREAB ◽  
S. LOPEZ ◽  
J. FRANCE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fixed Point ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
The Relationship

Data from six studies with male broilers fed diets covering a wide range of energy and protein were used in the current two analyses. In the first analysis, five models, specifically re-parameterized for analysing energy balance data, were evaluated for their ability to determine metabolizable energy intake at maintenance and efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy intake for producing gain. In addition to the straight line, two types of functional form were used. They were forms describing (i) diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola) and (ii) sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection (Gompertz and logistic). These models determined metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance to be in the range 437–573 kJ/kg of body weight/day depending on the model. The values determined for average net energy requirement for body weight gain varied from 7·9 to 11·2 kJ/g of body weight. These values show good agreement with previous studies. In the second analysis, three types of function were assessed as candidates for describing the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake. The functions used were: (a) monomolecular (diminishing returns behaviour), (b) Gompertz (smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection) and (c) Lopez, France and Richards (diminishing returns and sigmoidal behaviour with a variable point of inflection). The results of this analysis demonstrated that equations capable of mimicking the law of diminishing returns describe accurately the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake in broilers.

scholarly journals Energy utilization for body weight gain of ram-lambs fed differently processed breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) meal in total mixed rations

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
M. I. Okoruwa
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Ram Lambs

The study was carried out to estimate the energy utilization for body weight gain in West African dwarf ram-lambs fed differently processed breadfruit meal in total mixed rations. Twenty non-castrated ram-lambs, about 7months of age with an average-initial body weight of 6.00±0.55kg, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with five ram-lambs per treatment group in a completely randomized design. Ficus foliage with differently processed breadfruit meals and concentrate diet were used as treatment diets. Diet A (50% unpeeled raw breadfruit meal +20% Ficus foliage + 30% concentrate diet) B (50% peeled raw breadfruit +20% Ficus foliage + 30% concentrate diet), C (50% unpeeled soaked breadfruit meal +20% Ficus foliage + 30% concentrate diet) and D (50% unpeeled boiled breadfruit meal + 20% Ficus foliage +30% concentrate diet). Results showed that faecal energy output (999.41 MJ/g/day DM) was significantly (P<0.05) highest in treatment diet A compared with other treatment diets. Ram-lambs on treatment diets B and Chad the significantly highest (P < 0.05) on digestible energy intake (1310.84 and 1295.62 MJ/g/day DM), metabolizable energy intake (1074.89 and 1062.41 MJ/g/day DM), average total weight gain (4.18 und 4.13kg) and average daily weight gain (87.08 and 86.04g) compared with treatment diets A and D. Gross energy intake (4503.00MJ/g/day), average total feed intake (13.68kg), averuge daily feed intake (285.00g) and feed conversion ratio (4.44) were significantly (P < 0.05) better in ram-lambs on treatment diet D. There were no significant (P >0.05) differences in urinary energy loss, metabolizability and initial body weight of ram-lambs. It was therefore concluded that diets B and C enhanced efficiency of energy utilization for body weight gain of ram-lambs.

scholarly journals Energy and protein requirements during the growing phase of indigenous goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kléber Tomás Resende ◽  
Silvio Doria de Almeida Ribeiro ◽  
Amélia Katiane de Almeida ◽  
Marcelo Teixeira Rodrigues ◽  
José Américo Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
The Difference

The objective of this study was to investigate both energy and protein requirements for the maintenance and growth of indigenous goats, based on data from two separate studies. Goats were weaned at 79 ± 4.4 days of age, with milk and solid diet intake recorded daily. To determine energy maintenance requirements, 32 kids of 4.90 ± 0.302 kg initial body weight (BW) were used. Ten kids were slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW to estimate initial body composition, with the remaining kids randomly assigned to one of two DM intake levels: ad libitum and restricted-fed (1.2-times maintenance level). Heat production (HP) was calculated as the difference between ingested metabolizable energy (MEI) and retained energy. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated as the ?0 parameter of the relationship between HP and MEI [HP = ?0 × exp (?1 × MEI)]. Metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm) was calculated iteratively, as HP = MEI. Efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance (km) was calculated as NEm/MEm. The intercept of the linear regression of retained CP on CP intake was used to calculate net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm). Net energy and protein requirement for gain (NEg and NPg, respectively) were obtained using 26 kids fed ad libitum and randomly slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW (n = 10), 15.8 ± 0.655 kg BW (n = 10), and 26.3 ± 1.27 kg BW (n = 6). The first derivative of the allometric equation (used to calculate energy and protein contents in empty body weight (EBW)) with respect to EBW yielded estimates of NEg and NPg. A Monte Carlo-based method was employed to simulate variation in MEm, NEg, and NPg. This study indicated that the net energy required for maintenance is 310.1 ± 36.7 kJ kg-0.75 EBW, with MEm estimated at 499.1 ± 52.1 kJ kg-0.75 EBW and km equal to 0.62. This study indicated that 1.246 g CP kg-0.75 EBW is required by indigenous kids weighing from 5 to 25 kg BW to meet their NPm. In addition, indigenous goats require between 186.6 ± 2.97 and 214.3 ± 12.9 g CP, and between 5.39 ± 1.49 and 9.74 ± 2.57 MJ to gain one kilogram of EBW. This study may contribute to future adjustments in feeding system energy and protein recommendations for indigenous kids.

scholarly journals 148 Residual feed intake and body weight gain relate to feeding behavior in Nellore bulls: Implications for performance and maintenance requirements

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 149-150
Author(s):  
Ana Clara B Menezes ◽  
Sebastião Valadares Filho ◽  
Pedro Benedetti ◽  
Marcos Pacheco ◽  
Pauliane Pucetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Abstract This study determined feed intake behavior, performance, feed efficiency, and maintenance requirements of bulls with high and low residual feed intake and body weight gain. Data were collected from 42 weaned Nellore bulls (initial BW 260 ± 8.1 kg; age 7 ± 1.0 mo) housed in a feedlot in a group pen that contained electronic feeders. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily and body weight (BW) was measured every 28 d over a 140-day period. Indexes of average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, and residual feed intake (RFI) were calculated. Residual feed intake and gain (RFIG) was calculated according to previously published equations. Frequency of meals, duration per visit, and time spent feeding per day were recorded as feeding behavior measures. Maintenance requirements were calculated according to the BR-CORTE system. High RFIG bulls had lower DMI (P &lt; 0.01), lower final BW (P &lt; 0.01), and were more feed efficient (P &lt; 0.01) than low RFIG bulls, but both groups had similar ADG (P = 0.55). No differences in feeding behavior were observed between the two groups (P &gt; 0.05). The net energy requirements for maintenance, metabolizable energy for maintenance, and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization were 76.5, 122.68 kcal/EBW0.75 daily, and 62.4%, respectively for high RFIG bulls, and 89.2, 143.76 kcal/EBW0.75 daily, and 62.0% for low RFIG bulls. This study reveals that low RFIG bulls are less feed efficient and have greater maintenance requirements than high RFIG bulls (0.16 ± 0.006 and 0.18 ± 0.006, respectively). As low RFIG eat more, and in beef cattle, feeding behavior is associated with methane emissions, we suggest further research evaluating this relationship be conducted. In addition, selection for high RFIG cattle would improve feed efficiency, reduce production costs, and could potentially reduce methane emissions.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary protein content and feeding level on the rate of protein deposition and energy utilization in growing Iberian pigs from 15 to 50kg body weight

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nieto ◽  
A. Miranda ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Feeding Regimen

The effects of dietary protein content and feeding level on the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) and on the rates of gain, protein and fat deposition have been studied in seventy-two Iberian pigs growing from 15 to 50 kg body weight (BW) by means of comparative slaughter experiments. The animals were fed on six diets providing 223, 192, 175, 156, 129 and 101 g crude ideal protein (N×6·25; CP)/kg DM and 14·64, 14·14, 14·37, 14·80, 15·36 and 15·53 MJ ME/kg DM respectively. Each diet was offered at three levels of feeding: 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95×ad libitum intake. Protein deposition (PD) increased significantly (P<0·01) with each decrease in dietary CP content and reached a maximum value (74·0 g) when the diet providing 129 g CP/kg DM (6·86 g digestible ideal protein/MJ ME) was offered at the highest feeding level. This feeding regimen resulted in average values for live-weight gain and retained energy (RE) of 559 g/d and 10·9 MJ/d respectively. RE increased significantly (P<0·001) from 480 to 626 kJ/kg BW0·75 with each decrease in dietary CP content from 192 to 129 g/kg DM. Raising the level of feed intake led to significant linear increases in PD and RE irrespective of the diet fed (P<0·001). When diets approaching an adequate supply of CP were given, the net efficiency of use of ME for growth (kw) and the maintenance energy requirements were 58·2 % and 422 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d respectively.

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