scholarly journals Effect of zinc deficiency on appetite and plasma amino acid concentrations in the rat

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Wallwork ◽  
G. J. Fosmire ◽  
H. H. Sandstead
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Cyclic Feeding ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Cell Volumes ◽  
Deficient Group

1. Levels of zinc in liver and plasma of the Zn-depleted rats fluctuated with the feeding cycle and were significantly higher at the bottom than at the top of the cycle. As Zn deficiency became more severe fluctuations in plasma Zn diminished. Concentrations of Zn in liver, in contrast to levels in plasma and femur, were not markedly lowered by day 15.2. In contrast to udlib.-fed (AL) and overnight-fasted (OF) controls, some pair-fed (PF) controls had elevated levels of Zn in liver and plasma.3. Intakes of water and food were sigdicantly correlated in Zn-deficient rats. Packed cell volumes were significantly higher for Zn-depleted than for AL and PF rats.4. Food intakes and plasma glucose concentrations were related in AL, OF and PF control rats but not in Zn-deficient rats.5. At day 15 of Zn deficiency the order of total plasma amino acid concentrations in the groups of rats was AL > Zn-deficient > OF > PF. Many of the differences between the AL and OF groups for individual plasma amino acids also appeared in the Zn-deficient group at the top and bottom of the feeding cycle. Differences in individual amino acid conmntrations at the top and bottom of the feeding cycle tended to be opposite in the PF and the Zn-ddicient group. Levels of tyrosine and tryptophan in plasma were correlated (P ≶ 0.05) with the cyclic feeding pattern of the Zn-deficient group; however, the ratios tryptophan or tyrosine: sum of other large neutral amino acids did not correlate significantly with the eating habits of Zndeficient rats.

Amino acid metabolism in leg muscle after an endotoxin injection in healthy volunteers

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (2) ◽  
pp. E360-E364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokhsareh F. Vesali ◽  
Maria Klaude ◽  
Olav Rooyackers ◽  
Jan Wernerman
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Endotoxin Administration ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Decreased plasma amino acid concentrations and increased net release of amino acids from skeletal muscle, especially for glutamine, are common features in critically ill patients. A low dose of endotoxin administered to healthy volunteers was used as a human model for the initial phase of sepsis to study the early metabolic response to sepsis. Six healthy male volunteers were studied in the postabsorptive state. Blood samples from the forearm artery and femoral vein were taken during 4 h before and 4 h after an intravenous endotoxin injection (4 ng/kg body wt). In addition, muscle biopsies from the leg muscle were taken. Plasma concentration of the total sum of amino acids decreased by 19% ( P = 0.001) and of glutamine by 25% ( P = 0.004) the 3rd h after endotoxin administration. At the same time, muscle concentrations of the sum of amino acids and glutamine decreased by 11% ( P = 0.05) and 9% ( P = 0.09), respectively. In parallel, the efflux from the leg increased by 35% ( P = 0.004) for the total sum of amino acids and by 43% ( P = 0.05) for glutamine. In conclusion, intravenous endotoxin administration to healthy volunteers, used as a model for the initial phase of sepsis, resulted in a decrease in plasma amino acid concentrations. At the same time, amino acid concentrations in muscle tissue decreased, whereas the efflux of amino acids from leg skeletal muscle increased.

scholarly journals Plasma amino acid concentrations in pregnant rats and in 21-day foetuses

1977 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Palou ◽  
L Arola ◽  
M Alemany
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Foetal Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined in virgin female rats, in pregnant rats (12 and 21 days after impregnation) and in 21-day foetuses. The total amino acid concentration in plasma decreases significantly with pregnancy, being lower at 12 than at 21 days. Alanine, glutamine+glutamate and other ‘gluconeogenic’ amino acids decrease dramatically by mid-term, but regain their original concentrations at the end of the pregnancy. With most other amino acids, mainly the essential ones, the trend is towards lower concentrations which are maintained throughout pregnancy. These data agree with known nitrogen-conservation schemes in pregnancy and with the important demands on amino acids provoked by foetal growth. In the 21-day foetuses, concentrations of individual amino acids are considerably higher than in their mothers, with high plasma foetal/maternal concentration ratios, especially for lysine, phenylalanine and hydroxy-proline, suggesting active protein biosynthesis and turnover. All other amino acids also have high concentration ratios, presumably owing to their requirement by the foetuses for growth. Alanine, glutamine+glutamate, asparagine+aspartate, glycine, serine and threonine form a lower proportion of the total amino acids in foetuses than in the virgin controls or pregnant rats, probably owing to their role primarily in energy metabolism in the adults. The results indicate that at this phase of foetal growth, the placental amino acid uptake is considerable and seems to be higher than immediately before birth.

scholarly journals Comparison of the effects of a high- and normal-casein breakfast on satiety, ‘satiety’ hormones, plasma amino acids and subsequent energy intake

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margriet A. B. Veldhorst ◽  
Arie G. Nieuwenhuizen ◽  
Ananda Hochstenbach-Waelen ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Marielle P. K. J. Engelen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Casein Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The present study compared the effects of a high- and normal-casein-protein breakfast on satiety, ‘satiety’ hormones, plasma amino acid responses and subsequent energy intake. Twenty-five healthy subjects (BMI 23·9 (sem 0·3) kg/m2; age 22 (sem 1) years) received a subject-specific standardised breakfast (20 % of daily energy requirements): a custard with casein as the single protein source with either 10, 55 and 35 (normal-casein breakfast) or 25, 55 and 20 (high-casein breakfast) % of energy (En%) from protein, carbohydrate and fat respectively in a randomised, single-blind design. Appetite profile (visual analogue scale; VAS), plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin and amino acid concentrations were determined for 4 h; here the sensitive moment in time for lunch was determined. Subjects came for a second set of experiments and received the same custards for breakfast, and an ad libitum lunch was offered at 180 min after breakfast; energy intake was assessed. There were increased scores of fullness and satiety after the 25 En% casein-custard compared with the 10 En% casein-custard, particularly at 180 min (26 (sem 4) v. 11 (sem 5) mm VAS; P < 0·01) and 240 min (13 (sem 5) v. − 1 (sem 5) mm VAS; P < 0·01). This coincided with prolonged elevated plasma amino acid concentrations; total amino acids and branched-chain amino acids were higher after the 25 En% casein-custard compared with the 10 En% casein-custard at 180 and 240 min (P < 0·001). There was no difference in energy intake (3080 (sem 229) v. 3133 (sem 226) kJ for 25 En% and 10 En% respectively; NS) from the ad libitum lunch. In conclusion, a breakfast with 25 % of energy from casein is rated as being more satiating than a breakfast with 10 % of energy from casein at 3 and 4 h after breakfast, coinciding with prolonged elevated concentrations of plasma amino acids, but does not reduce subsequent energy intake.

scholarly journals Age-specific distribution of plasma amino acid concentrations in a healthy pediatric population

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 2397-2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Lepage ◽  
Nancy McDonald ◽  
Louis Dallaire ◽  
Marie Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Abstract Reference values were determined for 23 plasma free amino acids from measurements done in 148 healthy children ranging from 0 to 18 years of age. Amino acid analysis was performed by ion-exchange chromatography. We propose a graphic form of presenting the age-specific distribution of plasma amino acid concentrations where the 10th, 50th, and 90th quantiles are illustrated. Although each amino acid possesses its own pattern of distribution, we can identify five different profiles. Nine amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and tyrosine) demonstrate a decrease in their concentrations during the first year of life; their concentrations then tend to increase throughout childhood and adolescence. Nine others (cystine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, tryptophan, and valine) show a steady increase throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Five amino acids (aspartic acid, citrulline, glutamic acid, serine, and taurine) do not follow these two common profiles. For the first time, quantile curves are produced to illustrate the age-dependent variation of amino acid concentrations from infancy to adulthood. This alternative way of presenting amino acid concentrations may facilitate the follow-up of patients with inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Amino Acid and Peptide Composition and Postprandial Response of Beef, Chicken, and Whey Protein Nutritional Preparations

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Detzel ◽  
Bryon W. Petschow ◽  
Nicole Johnson ◽  
Eric M. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Postprandial Response ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid Response ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Chicken Protein

Background: Increasing dietary protein intake synergistically improves the effect of exercise to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the plasma amino acid response of two novel protein nutritional preparations, beef protein isolate (BeefISOTM) and hydrolyzed chicken protein isolate (MyoCHXTM). Methods: The postprandial plasma amino acid response over 3 hours was monitored in young adults (n=6) following consumption of 23 grams of WPC, BeefISOTM, or MyoCHXTM. Amino acid compositional analysis and molecular weight distributions of each protein were performed by HPLC. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way or two-way ANOVA where appropriate and corrected for multiple comparisons to account for the cross-over design. Results: Compositional evaluations revealed similar levels of essential and branched-chain amino acids for WPC and MyoCHXTM. While the results of this study predictably demonstrated plasma amino acids levels increased following consumption of the different proteins, the kinetics of the postprandial response was unique to each protein source. WPC and MyoCHXTM were rapidly absorbed with maximum plasma amino acid concentrations observed at 30 and 15 min, respectively. The slightly faster absorption of MyoCHXTM was associated with the increased peptide content of MyoCHXTM (greater than 76% of protein is <2kDa). BeefISOTM exhibited sustained release characteristics as evidenced by increased post prandial amino acid concentrations after 3 hours. Conclusions: The protein preparations studied each had different amino acid profiles and absorption kinetics. WPC and MyoCHXTM contained a higher essential amino acid content and were rapidly absorbed with plasma amino acid concentrations peaking within 30 minutes following consumption. BeefISOTM contained a higher proportion of conditionally essential amino acids that steadily increased in plasma over 3 hours, indicating a sustained release profile for BeefISOTM. Each of these three protein preparations have been shown to facilitate similar improvements in body composition following a resistance-exercise training program. The paradoxical finding that proteins with varying composition, molecular weight, and digestibility can lead to similar effects on body composition suggests the need to evaluate proteins based on total nutritional potential rather than as a delivery vehicle for single amino acids.Key Words: Protein digestibility; amino acids; body composition; beef protein; chicken protein 

EFFECTS OF DIETARY UREA LEVEL ON AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT TISSUES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. SALEM ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The effects of a semipurified diet containing 0 (0% urea-N diet), 50 (39% urea-N diet), or 100% (76% urea-N diet) of added dietary nitrogen (N) as urea on the amino acid concentrations in ruminant tissues was investigated. Three rumen-fistulated bull calves averaging 240 kg were used in a latin square design. The calves were fed using a continuous feeder to provide 7 kg of feed daily. Each experimental period of the latin square was 40 days divided into four 10-day intervals. Liver samples were obtained on the 9th day of each 10-day interval and rumen epithelium and rumen microorganisms were obtained on the 10th day of each 10-day interval. Blood samples were collected on the 6th, 8th, and 10th day of each 10-day interval for the determination of plasma amino acid patterns as well as the amino acid concentrations in the tissues. Plasma amino acid patterns indicated that when the 76% urea-N diet was fed the levels of aspartic acid, citrulline, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline were increased. Most of the essential amino acids were decreased on the 76% urea-N diet as compared with the 0% urea-N diet. All amino acids of rumen microorganisms were increased on the 39% urea-N diet with the exception of arginine, lysine, and threonine, which decreased slightly or did not show any change. Most amino acids were lower on the 76% urea-N diet as compared with the 39% or 0% urea-N diets. All essential amino acids measured in the liver were reduced on the 76% urea-N diet. Cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, tryptophan, and valine were also reduced on the 39% urea-N diet. In rumen epithelium, there was a reduction of the essential amino acids and an increase of the nonessential amino acids on the 76% urea-N diet.

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