scholarly journals The amino acid requirements of the preruminant calf

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Williams ◽  
D. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
The Mean

1. Ten calves (50–58 kg live weight) were given a diet consisting of diluted whole milk, wheat gluten and supplemented with appropriate nutrients including amino acids but deficient in lysine. The lysine requirements of these calves, which were growing at approximately 0.25 kg/d, were estimated from responses to lysine supplementation of this diet. From plasma urea, plasma lysine, nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of N responses the estimated lysine requirements were 8.5, 7.5, 7.2 and 7.6 g/d respectively.2. From the mean lysine requirement (7.8 g/d) and the ratio, lysine: other essential amino acids in carcasses of similar calves the estimated requirements were (g/d): methionine 2.1, cystine 1.6, threonine 4.9, valine 4.8, isoleucine 3.4, leucine 8.4, tyrosine 3.0, phenylalanine 4.4, histidine 3.0, arginine 8.5, tryptophan 1.0.

The effect of avoparcin on the ileal and faecal digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in the milk-fed calf

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moughan ◽  
E. V. J. Stevens ◽  
I. D. Reisima ◽  
J. Rendel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Zinc Bacitracin

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to determine the effect of the growth promotant avoparcin on the digestion and absorption of nitrogen and amino acids from pre-ruminant milk-fed calves. Eighteen male Friesian calves, 45 kg live weight, were allocated to three diets: a commercial high-quality milk replacer compound (control); control with 100 mg zinc bacitracin per kg (positive control) and control with 40 mg avoparcin per kg. The diets were given once-daily at a set rate of intake during a 14-day metabolic study. On the 15th day the calves were fed at 2-h intervals and ileal digesta were sampled (8 h after the start of feeding) from the euthanazed animal. Estimates of apparent ileal digestibility were determined by reference to an indigestible marker, with the comparable faecal estimates determined following the total collection of faeces.There was no significant effect of avoparcin or zinc bacitracin addition on faecal apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy and amino acids or on ileal apparent digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids. Neither was there a significant effect of either additive on nitrogen retention, daily urinary urea and total nitrogen excretions or portal and peripheral plasma urea concentrations. Ileal apparent digestibility coefficients determined on the control diet ranged from 0-82 for glycine to 0-96 for phenylalanine, tyrosine and methionine. The ileal measures of apparent digestibility were more variable than the comparable values determined over the entire digestive tract. Measurements on the faeces compared with measurements on digesta at the terminal ileum gave higher values (P< 0·05) of apparent digestibility for nitrogen and 10 of the 16 amino acids.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs. 6. Isoleucine

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

ABSTRACTThe response of the growing female pig (25 to 55 kg live weight) to increasing dietary isoleucine supplies at two levels of dietary leucine was assessed by measurement of growth rate, food utilization, tissue deposition as indicated by ham dissection and changes in plasma urea concentration. A range of isoleucine concentrations from 3·7 g/kg to 5T g/kg of the diet was derived from a basal diet and seven increments of L-isoleucine. Synthetic L-leucine was added to the basal diet to increase the concentration from 12 g/kg to 15 g/kg to achieve the two levels. The basal diet was formulated using barley, maize, blood meal, yeast protein, fat and tapioca with synthetic amino acids included to maintain at least 9·5 g/kg lysine and adequate concentrations of other essential amino acids and non-essential nitrogen. The 16 diets were replicated four times and fed to 64 female growing pigs once daily according to a restricted feeding scale. Blood samples were taken from each pig at 40 kg live weight for the determination of plasma urea nitrogen.The addition of synthetic leucine to the basal diet had no consistent effect on growth performance or carcass quality, although it did result in elevated levels of plasma urea nitrogen. The response of growth performance and the composition of the ham joint to increasing dietary isoleucine concentration was interpreted by broken line functions which indicated an isoleucine requirement of 4·4 to 4·5 g/kg of the diet.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 4. Methionine plus cystine

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

ABSTRACTThe response of the growing female pig (25 to 55 kg live weight) to increasing dietary methionine plus cystine concentrations was assessed by measurement of growth rate, food utilization, ham dissection and changes in blood metabolite concentrations. A range of 13 methionine plus cystine concentrations from 3·5 to 5·79 g/kg resulting from combinations of three basal diets and synthetic methionine, was studied. The diets were formulated using barley, a yeast protein, tapioca and synthetic amino acids to contain similar energy concentrations, 9·5 g lysine per kg diet, and adequate concentrations of other essential amino acids and non-essential nitrogen. They were offered once daily according to a restricted feeding scale.Responses were interpreted by broken line functions which indicated, from the growth performance experiment, a requirement between 4·5 and 4·8 g/kg of the diet, when the complete range of methionine plus cystine concentrations was studied. The influence of a range of dietary methionine plus cystine concentrations from 4·1 to 5·3 g/kg diet on changes in plasma urea, methionine, lysine and threonine concentrations indicated a requirement for methionine plus cystine of 4·5 g/kg of the diet.

The apparent digestibility of Atriplex barclayana and its effect on nitrogen balance in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Benjamin ◽  
E. Oren ◽  
E. Katz ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
The Mean

AbstractAn in vivo digestibility trial was conducted by feeding sheep the leaves, fruits and twigs of Atriplex barclayana in a proportion roughly equivalent to that eaten by sheep grazing freely in Atriplex plantations. Four treatments were imposed on each of four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin-square experimental design: Atriplex offered alone or with 100, 200 or 300 g/day tapioca meal.The mean apparent digestibility of the Atriplex dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) consumed were 0·59 and 0·56, respectively. Addition of tapioca to the Atriplex in the diet did not improve these digestibility coefficients. The low OM content of 760 g/kg together with its digestibility of 0·56 resulted in the Atriplex having a low metabolizable energy concentration of 6·28 MJ per kg DM. The in vitro apparent DM digestibility of Atriplex was approximately 0·09 higher than the in vivo apparent digestibility.The mean nitrogen concentration of the Atriplex DM was 16·6 g/kg, and its apparent digestibility 0·73, which was not improved by the addition of tapioca to the diet. Nitrogen retention of the sheep eating only Atriplex was proportionately 0·17 of the nitrogen intake. The addition of 300 g tapioca improved nitrogen retention to 0·27 but was not significantly different from the other treatments.Water intake and urine excreted were as high as 14 and 12 I/day respectively, for an Atriplex DM intake of about 1300 g/day. During the experiment the sheep only maintained live weight, despite daily intakes of up to 1200 g Atriplex DM and up to 300 g tapioca.

scholarly journals Concentrations of amino acids and urea in the plasma of the preruminant calf and estimation of the amino acid requirements

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Williams ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

1. A study was made of factors affecting the plasma concentrations of free amino acids (PAA) and urea (PU) in calves receiving liquid diets2. When calves were given whole milk (approximately 0·05 kg/kg live weight) at 10·00 and 17·00 hours there were marked decreases in PAA and slight decreases in PU for about 3–4 h after the morning feed. Both PAA and PU thereafter increased slightly and then remained constant for the next 10 h. In subsequent comparative experiments samples were taken 3 h after the morning feed. The variation in plasma methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and total PAA was apparently greater between than within animals3. In calves transferred from a diet of whole milk to one consisting of diluted whole milk supplemented with appropriate nutrients, including amino acids, but deficient in methionine, PU increased markedly and plasma methionine decreased4. Two calves (50–60 kg live weight) given the latter diet supplemented to give an intake of more than 4·5 g L-methionine/d together with 0·3 g cystine/d showed marked increases in plasma methionine. This was considered to correspond with the point at which methionine requirements were met and that under these conditions the methionine requirement for these calves (mean value ± SE) was 4·5 ± 0·2 g/d. In the same two calves PU decreased markedly with increasing levels of methionine supplementation up to 3·9 g/d and the estimated methionine requirement (mean value ± SE) was 3·9 ± 0·4 g/d.

scholarly journals The effect of dilution of milk proteins with non-essential amino acids (L-alanine and L-glutamic acid) on nitrogen retention and biological value of the proteins in children

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Daniel ◽  
T.R. Doraiswamy ◽  
M. Swaminathan ◽  
D. Rajalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes

1. The effect of addition of a mixture of two non-essential amino acids (NEA), namely alanine and glutamic acid, to milk proteins on nitrogen retention and the biological value of the proteins was determined in a group of six girls aged 10–11 years.2. The mean daily intakes of milk protein by the children on three diets (1, 3 and 5 ) were 1.41, 1.10 and 0.70 g/kg body-weight. The quantities of NEA added daily to the three diets were 0.97, 0.49 and 0.97 g/kg body-weight respectively.3. Addition of NEA did not bring about any significant increase in N retention in the children. The addition of NEA to milk proteins significantly decreased the biological value of the proteins.

Quality-Protein Maize as the Sole Source of Dietary Protein and Fat for Rapidly Growing Young Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Graham ◽  
Jorge Lembcke ◽  
Enrique Morales
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Quality Protein Maize ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Malnourished Children

Earlier studies demonstrated that quality protein maize (QPM), with increased lysine and tryptophan and decreased leucine contents, was more digestible and supported 45% greater nitrogen retention than common maize. Ten recovering malnourished children (ages 13 to 29 months, height-ages 5 to 15 months, weight-ages 3 to 11 months) have now received 90% of their diet energy and 100% of protein and fat from QPM. Energy intake was adjusted to allow them to reach the 50th centile of weight-for-length (according to the National Center for Health Statistics) in 90 days (two completed 60 days only). Growth was compared with that of 10 children receiving modified cow's milk formula (CMF). Energy intakes (QPM 110 ± 15, CMF 106 ± 12, corrected for absorption to 94 and 97 kcal/kg.d), crude energy costs of gain (43 ± 9 and 40 ± 10, corrected to 37 and 37 kcal/g), linear growth (1.23 ± 0.24 and 1.33 ± 0.26 cm/mo), gains in height-age (3.1 ± 0.7 and 3.3 ± 1.2 mo), weight gain (2.6 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.8 g/kg.d), and final sums of fat folds (24.3 ± 3.5 and 27.2 ± 2.9 mm) were not different. Gains in weight-age were greater (7.5 ± 2.3 vs 5.4 ± 1.6 months, P &lt; .05) and serum albumin decreased (4.10 ± 0.24 to 3.77 ± 0.31 g/dL, P &lt; .01) during QPM feeding. Plasma-free total essential amino acids and ratio of these to total essential amino acids were less after QPM than after CMF diets. Equal growth rates with QPM and CMF diets offer great potential for developing- and developed-country children.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document