scholarly journals Metabolic changes associated with intake by cows of complete diets containing straw and concentrates in different proportions

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Bines ◽  
A. W. F. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Acetate Concentration ◽  
Significant Relationships

1. Pelleted diets containing concentrates and 0, 200, 400 or 600 g chopped straw/kg were fed ad lib. for 5 h daily to four cows. Concentrations of various energy-yielding metabolites were measured in samples of rumen fluid and jugular blood taken before feeding and at intervals after food was offered.2. After feeding, the pH of rumen fluid decreased rapidly and the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased; the changes were greatest in the diet containing no roughage. The changes were essentially complete by 135 min at approximately the time feeding stopped. Rumen lactate concentrations were always low and increased significantly only in cows given no roughage.3. There were highly significant relationships between the peak rumen acetate concentration after a meal and the apparent digestibility of the dry matter of that meal, and the amount of material in the rumen at the end of a meal. The latter relationship resulted in there being no difference between treatments in the total amount of acetate present in the rumen after feeding.4. In the blood, concentrations of acetate, propionate, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and lactate all increased after feeding. The increase was prolonged and maximum values were rarely reached before 4–5 h. The highest concentrations of acetate and BHB were found in cows given 200 g roughage/kg and were twice as great as those in cows given no roughage; lower concentrations were found in cows given 400 or 600 g roughage/kg. This information, together with the rumen concentrations of acetate and butyrate, was interpreted as indicating an inhibition of VFA absorption from the rumen of cows given no roughage.5. Plasma glucose concentrations decreased rapidly for 4 h after feeding, the decrease being greatest in cows given 200 g roughage/kg. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations also decreased after feeding 200 and 0 g roughage/kg rations, but concentrations were not high at any time.6. It is concluded that chemical changes in the rumen correspond to feeding behaviour much more closely than changes in blood and therefore any chemostatic regulation of food intake probably occurs at the former site, with acetate playing a major role. Monitoring energy balance at tissue level is likely to be mediated hormonally, with insulin an important factor.

Digestion, rumen fermentation and chewing behaviour of red deer fed fresh chicory and perennial ryegrass

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Hoskin ◽  
K. J. Stafford ◽  
T. N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Chewing Behaviour

SUMMARYPure chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) forages were cut and fed fresh at Palmerston North, New Zealand, during March 1993 to castrated male red deer kept indoors in metabolism crates. Chicory contained lower levels of dry matter, higher levels of ash, and had a higher ratio of readily fermentable: structural carbohydrate than perennial ryegrass. Apparent digestibility of organic matter was highest for chicory (0·81 v. 0·72), but cellulose apparent digestibility was highest for perennial ryegrass (0·71 v. 0·59). Relative to perennial ryegrass, the rumen fluid of deer fed chicory contained higher concentrations of protozoa, ammonia and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) but had a lower pH at 15.00 h. Chicory-fed deer had higher rumen VFA molar proportions of n-butyrate and a higher acetate: propionate ratio. Total eating time and chews during feeding/g dry matter intake were similar for deer fed the two forages, but deer fed chicory spent much less time ruminating (33 v. 270 min/day) and had fewer rumination boluses (38 v. 305/day). It was concluded that the low rumination time may indicate rapid disintegration of chicory in the rumen to < 1 mm critical particle size, and that particle breakdown and rumen fractional outflow rate should be measured in future experiments with deer fed on chicory.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEAL FOR DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Gain

Treatment of oilseed meals with formaldehyde (FA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the solubility of protein in 0.02 N NaOH and the production of NH3 in the artificial rumen. Ten Holstein and Holstein × Brown Swiss calves of both sexes were fed two test rations containing either 26% untreated or formaldehyde-treated (5.6 g FA per 100 g protein) rapeseed meal (FA-treated RSM) for 14 weeks. Plasma urea nitrogen (N) and rumen NH3 levels were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the FA-treated RSM calves compared with the control calves during the first 8 weeks of the growth trial. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in dry matter consumption, daily gain, or feed efficiency was observed. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (mmoles/100 ml) concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in rumen fluid from the control calves compared with those receiving treated RSM. Molar percentages of the VFA’s were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two groups. In the N balance and digestibility trial, dry matter consumption did not differ significantly (P > 0.05); however, the FA-treated RSM resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Calves receiving the treated RSM had reduced (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion; however, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on N consumption and retention.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTATION OF CORNCOB DIETS FOR SHEEP: COMPARISON WITH HIGHER VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS, SOYBEAN PROTEIN AND ALFALFA FIBER ON INTAKE, ENVIRONMENT AND DIGESTION IN THE RUMEN AND DIGESTA PASSAGE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. NDLOVU ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Protein Preparation ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Nine lambs fitted with rumen cannulae were used in two 5 × 5 Latin squares to measure the effect of alfalfa hay, C4- and C5-branched- and straight-chain volatile fatty acids (C4/C5 VFAs), cell wall from alfalfa hay (ALFCW) and a soybean protein preparation on intake and rumen digestion of a basal corncob diet with urea included at 30 g kg−1. Relative to the control, alfalfa hay decreased (P < 0.05) intake of the basal diet but increased (P < 0.05) total dry matter intake. ALFCW and soybean protein did not affect intake of the basal diet and total dry matter (P > 0.05). C4/C5 VFAs increased intake of basal diet by sheep in one square (P < 0.05) but had no effect (P > 0.05) on intake with sheep in the other square. Alfalfa hay, ALFCW and soybean protein increased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration in rumen fluid while only alfalfa hay and C4/C5 VFAs consistently increased isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate levels in rumen fluid (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control diet, soybean protein elevated (P < 0.05) mean rumen ammonia-N levels whereas C4/C5 VFAs depressed them; however, values exceeded 17 mg dL−1 rumen fluid on all treatments. Most measures of digestion kinetics of fiber from corncobs were unaffected by supplementation (P > 0.05). Alfalfa hay and ALFCW increased (P < 0.05) rate of passage of digesta from the reticulo-rumen. It was concluded that alfalfa hay has a reduced role in improving intake of corncob diets when there is also sufficient NPN in the diet. Key words: Roughage (poor quality), volatile fatty acids, rumen ammonia levels, chromium-mordanted cell walls

scholarly journals Effects of Geraniol and Camphene on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
M. Joch ◽  
V. Kudrna ◽  
B. Hučko
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of geraniol and camphene at three dosages (300, 600, and 900 mg l-1) on rumen microbial fermentation and methane emission in in vitro batch culture of rumen fluid supplied with a 60 : 40 forage : concentrate substrate (16.2% crude protein, 33.1% neutral detergent fibre). The ionophore antibiotic monensin (8 mg/l) was used as positive control. Compared to control, geraniol significantly (P < 0.05) reduced methane production with increasing doses, with reductions by 10.2, 66.9, and 97.9%. However, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and in vitro dry matter digestibility were also reduced (P < 0.05) by all doses of geraniol. Camphene demonstrated weak and unpromising effects on rumen fermentation. Camphene did not decrease (P > 0.05) methane production and slightly decreased (P < 0.05) VFA production. Due to the strong antimethanogenic effect of geraniol a careful selection of dose and combination with other antimethanogenic compounds may be effective in mitigating methane emission from ruminants. However, if a reduction in total VFA production and dry matter digestibility persisted in vivo, geraniol would have a negative effect on animal productivity.

RUMINAL AND FECAL FATTY ACIDS AND APPARENT RATION DIGESTIBILITY IN LAMBS AS AFFECTED BY DIETARY FATTY ACIDS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Clarke ◽  
W. K. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract

Two metabolism experiments were conducted with rumen-fistulated sheep to study effects of increasing dietary levels of unsaturated fatty acids upon ration digestibility and rumen-fluid volatile fatty acids. Apparent digestibility of ration components was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by diet. However, crude fat digestibility values, which include fecal soap excretion, were 11–19 digestion units lower than comparable ether extract values. When diets high in unsaturated fatty acids were fed, the rumen and fecal levels of these acids were lower than dietary levels, suggesting that hydrogenation of C-18 polyethnoid fatty acids was occurring. Fecal soap excretion was affected very little by dietary unsaturated fatty acids, but stearic acid proportion of fecal soaps increased as the level of dietary unsaturated fatty acids increased. The ratios of acetic to propionic acid gradually decreased as the unsaturated fatty acids of the ration increased in one experiment, but in the other experiment no consistent pattern was observed.

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture supplement on ruminal metabolism in buffalo calves given a high concentrate diet

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Kumar ◽  
V. K. Sareen ◽  
S. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
In Sacco

AbstractThe effect of inclusion of live yeast culture (YC, Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in a high concentrate diet given to buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves on the rumen microbial population and fermentation pattern and in sacco dry matter disappearance of dietary constituents was examined. Six rumen-fistulated buffalo calves of about 120 kg live iveight were divided into two equal groups. The control group was given a diet consisting of, on a dry-matter basis, 0·90 kg ivheat straw, 1 kg berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and ISO kg concentrate per day per calf and the yeast group the above diet plus 5 g YC which was put directly into the rumen via the fistula. After feeding this diet for 6 weeks (supplementation period), inclusion of YC was stopped and both groups were given the control diet for a period of 3 weeks to examine the performance of the YC group after withdrawal of YC. At week 4 of YC supplementation the pH was significantly increased (P < 0·01) and lactate concentration was decreased (P < 0·01) in the rumen fluid for up to 6 h post feeding. The number of total bacteria, total viable bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, amylolytic bacteria and protozoa were increased proportionately by 0·554 (P < 002), 0·482 (P<0·01), 0·670 (P <0·01), 0·077 (P > 0·05) and 0·079 (P>0·05), respectively. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, particularly at 4 h post feeding (P < 0·01), acetate fP < 0·01) and propionate and the acetate to propionate ratio were higher in the YC compared with the control group. On YC inclusion, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was decreased while that of trichloracetic acid insoluble protein was marginally increased. All these differences in rumen variables started to disappear on YC withdrawal and values returned to control levels by the 3rd week after YC withdrawal. YC supplementation increased the in sacco dry-matter disappearance of various dietary components particularly after 3, 6 and 22 h incubation.

COMPARATIVE VALUE OF SOYBEAN, RAPESEED, AND FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEALS IN UREA-CONTAINING CALF RATIONS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Molar Percent

Twenty-four Holstein calves were fed three experimental rations containing either 14% soybean meal, 20% rapeseed meal, or 20% formaldehyde-treated (0.7 g formaldehyde/100 g protein) rapeseed meal from 8 to 22 wk of age. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in feed consumption, dry matter intake, liveweight gain, and feed conversion among the three groups. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in rumen ammonia levels in calves receiving the treated rapeseed meal compared with the untreated rapeseed meal rations. Plasma urea levels and rumen fluid volatile fatty acids (mmol/100 ml and molar percent) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments. There were no significant differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, acid detergent fiber, and gross energy among treatments, although treating the rapeseed meal with formaldehyde tended to reduce dry matter, nitrogen, fiber, and energy digestibility.

COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE AND DIGESTIBILITY IN DAIRY CALVES WEANED AT THREE, FIVE, AND SEVEN WEEKS OF AGE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. WINTER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Weaning Age

Ayrshire and Holstein bull calves were weaned onto dry feed at 3, 5, and 7 wk of age. Growth rates from birth to 14 wk of age, and feed intake and feed efficiency from 9 to 14 wk were not affected by weaning age. Dry matter digestibility in the week after weaning was similar for the different weaning age treatments and for the several digestion periods up to 14 wk of age. Nitrogen (N) retention was lower in the 3-wk weaned group immediately after weaning but when compared at uniform ages of 8 and 14 wk N retention was the same in the three weaning age groups. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid and proportions of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were not affected by weaning age in the week after weaning and showed little change in proportions of individual VFA up to 14 wk, when the diet composition was constant. It was concluded that early weaning, at 3 wk of age, had little or no effect on the calf except for a slight slowing in growth during the week after weaning. Dry feed consumption increased rapidly and a relatively stable rumen fermentation developed as quickly in the calves weaned at 3 wk as in those weaned at 5 and 7 wk. In the week after weaning, dry matter and energy were digested as effectively in the early-weaned calves as in those weaned at 5 and 7 wk. Key words: Calves, weaning, digestibility, VFA

A note on the effects of high levels of dietary calcium, phosphorus and sodium on nutrient utilization by sheep offered a roughage-based diet

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. J. van Houtert ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
Male Sheep

Castrated male sheep were offered a roughage without (control sheep, no. = 8) or with calcium, phosphorus and sodium (CaPNa sheep, no. = 8; Ca, P and Na intake 34, 10 and 17 g/day per sheep respectively, given twice daily as drench). Food intake and live-weight change were unaffected. Water intake and urine excretion were higher whereas dry-matter apparent digestibility, nitrogen retention and wool growth were lower in the CaPNa sheep. The excretion of allantoin in urine indicated no differences in microbial protein absorption from the gut. There were small differences in the proportions of volatile fatty acids, numbers of protozoa and mineral concentrations in rumen fluid between the sheep in the two groups. Retentions of Ca, P and Na were higher in the CaPNa sheep, whereas retention of potassium was lower.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrate and of hay diets in the stomach and intestines of ruminants

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. The flow of digesta to the abomasum and through the duodenum and terminal ileum was measured over 24 h periods in sheep. Pelleted diets of concentrates, principally composed of barley, and of poor-quality hay were given. The seven Scottish Blackface ewes studied were all fitted with rumen cannulas, and in addition two had simple abomasal cannulas, one a re-entrant abomasal cannula, two re-entrant duodenal cannulas, and two re-entrant ileal cannulas.2. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was given twice daily by rumen fistula. The amounts of dry matter, starch, cellulose, total nitrogen and energy passing through the abomasum, duodenum and ileum and the amounts excreted in the faeces were measured. The flows of digesta were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromium sesquioxide and the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract was calculated using these adjusted values. Concentrations of glucose in the blood and of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen were also measured.3. For the concentrate diet, 69% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach (reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum), 17% in the smail intestine and 14% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 72% in the stomach, 23% in the small intestine and 5% in the large intestine. Of the 298 g starch fed daily only 6–35 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum and only 1–4 g reached the terminal ileum. The cellulose in the diet was poorly digested.4. For the hay diet, 67% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach, 22% in the small intestine and 11% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 81% in the stomach, 7% in the small intestine and 12% in the large intestine. Of the 33 g of starch consumed daily, from 5 to 13 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum. The cellulose in the hay was 59% digestible and virtually all this digestion took place in the stomach.5. The concentration of VFA and the proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid, 2·5 h after feeding, were considerably greater on the concentrate diet than on the hay diet, but diet had little influence on the concentration of blood glucose.6. The importance of the small amount of starch passing to the sheep's small intestine is discussed.

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