The utilization of proteins and amino acids in diets based on cassava (Manihot utilissima), rice or sorghum (Sorghum sativa) by young Nigerian men of low income

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Nicol ◽  
P. G. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Sorghum Flour ◽  
Nigerian Men

1. The net protein utilization (npu, the percentage of dietary nitrogen retained in the body, allowance being made for endogenous urinary and faecal N) of diets composed of Nigerian foodstuffs, based on rice, sorghum (Sorghum sativa) or cassava (Manihot utilissima), was compared to that of a minimal protein diet used to determine endogenous N excretion, supplemented with whole egg. The addition of dl-methionine and l-tryptophan to the rice diet produced a small but non-significant increase in npu, whereas the addition of dl-methionine to the cassava diet produced a very significant increase in npu. The npu of a diet based on home-pounded, winnowed, sorghum flour was higher than that of a diet based on milled whole-meal sorghum due to the low digestibility of the latter diet.2. The digestibility of the rice and cassava diets were the same, although the total crude fibre content of the rice diets was lower than that of the cassava diets.3. Nigerian men used the proteins of the egg diet and of mixed diets based on rice, sorghum and cassava more efficiently than predicted by applying methods recommended by the FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements (FAO/WHO, 1973).4. The recommendations of that Committee (FAO/WHO, 1973) to reduce the amounts of sulphur amino acids and tryptophan, contained in the ‘provisional pattern of amino acids’ proposed by the FAO Committee on Protein Requirements (FAO, 1957), are supported, but the increases in lysine and threonine are not supported, by the present results.

scholarly journals Net protein utilization determined by rat bioassay of a protein hydrolysate and a diet for children with phenylketonuria

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Kindt ◽  
Halvor Holm ◽  
Sverre Halvorsen ◽  
Sverre O. Lie
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Net Protein

1. In a previous study (Kindt et al. 1983, 1984) it was assumed that a protein hydrolysate, devoid of phenylalanine, together with intact protein as given to children with phenylketonuria (PKU), was equivalent to egg or milk protein. One group of children was given this ‘PKU protein’ in amounts corresponding to the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) recommendations. The results indicated that the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) recommended levels of protein intake were marginal.2. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether the quality of the protein hydrolysate, together with intact protein (‘PKU protein’), is equivalent to egg or milk protein. This was done using a rat bioassay. Four protein sources were used: (1) egg protein, (2) protein hydrolysate, (3) protein hydrolysate diluted with non-essential amino acids, (4) protein hydrolysate mixed with food proteins (‘PKU protein’), comparable with the diet previously used (Kindt et al. 1983, 1984).3. The results indicated that the ‘PKU protein’ was of very high qua1ity: net protein utilization (NPU) > 90. The protein hydrolysate alone and the protein hydrolysate diluted with non-essential amino acids gave a NPU > 80.4. The conclusion drawn from the present study is that the ‘PKU protein’, as used in the treatment of children with PKU, is equivalent to egg or milk protein. This supported the view that the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) recommended levels of intake were marginal.

The effects of urea supplements on the utilization of straw plus molasses diets by sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Food Intake Rate

Three experiments with sheep were carried out to investigate the effect of urea, added to a diet of straw plus molasses, on roughage intake and digestion, and on the nitrogen status of the animal. Urea, added to straw and molasses at the level of 3% of the amount of straw, increased the ad libitum food intake, rate of cellulose (cotton thread) digestion in the rumen, and rate of passage of food through the gut. When different amounts of urea were fed, the highest levels of intake, rate of cellulose digestion, and rate of passage occurred with 8–16 g urea per sheep per day. Increasing the amount of urea fed to 32 g per day caused significant decreases in rate of passage and intake, within diets containing urea. These were not accompanied by significant changes in rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. With diets of straw and molasses, with and without urea, crude fibre digestibility was positively correlated with the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. Voluntary intake of these diets was positively correlated with rate of passage. When the effect of rate of passage was eliminated, voluntary intake was not significantly correlated with the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. Under the feeding conditions used in these experiments, once sufficient urea had been added to the diet to bring the animal into a small, positive nitrogen balance, additional dietary nitrogen supplied as urea was practically all excreted in the urine. It is concluded that, under these feeding conditions, the primary function of a urea supplement is to enable an animal to maintain nitrogen equilibrium rather than store significant amounts of nitrogen in the body.

The utilization of dietary protein by Nigerian men

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Nicol ◽  
P. G. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Nigerian Men ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Energy Ratios

1. The excretion of urinary and faecal nitrogen by young Nigerian men of a low income group was found to vary significantly between subjects, but was not significantly different in the same subject, when they were given a mixed diet composed of rice, vegetables and fish on two separate occasions. At the levels of energy and protein supplied by this diet the men gained or lost small amounts of weight, mean values indicating N equilibrium, the variation around the mean being high.2. The correlation between the urinary and faecal N of these men was significantly negative at and below the level of N equilibrium, becoming positive 2–3 weeks after they had consumed the above diet supplemented by 400 g of lean beef per day, and had already established considerable rates of gain in body-weight and N retention. The diets were made isoenergetic by adding the beef at the expense of cassava flour and red palm oil.3. The physiological processes involved in the adaptation, by young Nigerian men of low income, to a highly efficient use of low-protein diets are discussed in relation to the biological value and true digestibility of those diets, and to the ‘safe level of protein intake’ and protein-energy ratios proposed by FAO/WHO (1973, 1975).4. It is concluded that the protein requirements of apparently healthy men can only be established in the context of their ecological, socio-economic and nutritional backgrounds.

Endogenous nitrogen excretion and utilization of dietary protein

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Nicol ◽  
P. G. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Great Excess ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Sparing Effect

1. The endogenous nitrogen losses of men of different ethnic, ecological and socio-economic backgrounds are similar when calculated per unit body-weight or per unit basal energy consumption. The hypothesis that endogenous N losses, adjusted upwards by a factor of 0.30 to equate them with N equilibrium, can be used to derive man's physiological requirements for proteins of high quality, e.g. those of egg and milk, was studied..2. Men living in Nigeria, accustomed to eat diets which provided mixtures of protein only slightly higher than the ‘safe level of intake’ proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements (FAO/WHO, 1973), were found to use absorbed N more efficiently than University of California students who habitually consume diets which supply a great excess of protein over that ‘safe level’..3. The greater protein-sparing effect of carbohydrates than of fats and oils may play a part in this more efficient use of protein by men living in developing countries. Also, man possesses mechanisms in intermediary metabolism which allow him to adjust to low levels of protein intake..4. Thus it appears that all apparently healthy men cannot be considered equal in regard to their requirements for protein.

scholarly journals HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN

1945 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Miller ◽  
F. S. Robscheit-Robbins ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Pool ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Hemoglobin (presumably its essential protein globin), given intraperitoneally to a protein-fasting dog, will be used effectively to supply the protein requirements of the body. Nitrogen balance may thus be maintained for 20 days under favorable conditions. New hemoglobin and plasma protein will be formed related to hemoglobin injections in depleted dogs where there is urgent need for these proteins (anemia and hypoproteinemia). Obviously this calls for supplementary amino acids which in globin are low and we assume these amino acids must be contributed from body protein stores. Plasma proteins (in plasma) tested in the same manner are completely utilized with no loss of nitrogen, positive nitrogen balance, weight balance, and no change in the albumin-globulin ratios. Hemoglobin (globin) is less effectively utilized as compared with plasma protein given parenterally and there is some increase in urinary nitrogen above control periods. The albumin-globulin ratio may be somewhat modified by hemoglobin injections intraperitoneally. Hemoglobin (globin) digests contribute effectively to body maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium. These digests are about as effective as whole hemoglobin in maintaining nitrogen balance but cause a rise in undetermined nitrogen not seen when hemoglobin alone is given intraperitoneally. Pigment radicles derived from hemoglobin given intraperitoneally are thrown away and appear as surplus bile pigment even when there is urgent need for all available nitrogenous material—given protein fasting, anemia, and hypoproteinemia in a bile fistula dog. The body evidently prefers to make rather than conserve the pyrrol aggregate (pigment radicle). We assume that the injected hemoglobin (globin) or hemoglobin digests contribute to the body protein pool and from this pool various proteins emerge to supply protein requirements of tissue or organ cells or to produce new hemoglobin or plasma protein if needed. We have no explanation as to what determines the pattern of this protein flow but new hemoglobin is very high on the priority list.

scholarly journals Is phenylalanine requirement in infants and children related to protein intake?

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Kindt ◽  
Kristina Motzfeldt ◽  
Sverre Halvorsen ◽  
Sverre O. Lie
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Plasma Phenylalanine ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Levels

1. Two groups of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) received protein at two different levels. The protein scource was a protein hydrolysate, devoid of phenylalanine, and intact protein from milk, vegetables and fruit. One group (RDA group) was given protein at a level based on the recommendations of the (US) Food and Nutrition Board (1974, 1980). The other group (FAO group) was given protein at the level of intake corresponding to the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) safe levels of intake of egg or milk protein. The children were monitored very closely for several years. From an earlier study evaluating the protein intake of the two groups it was suspected that the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) recommendations were marginal.2. In the present study the phenylalanine intake of the two groups required to maintain the plasma phenylalanine concentration at the required level was established. The results showed that the RDA group required more phenylalanine than the FAO group. This difference was statistically significant from the age of 5–15 months.3. We have interpreted the greater requirement for phenylalanine in the RDA group as a result of a greater nitrogen intake and thus a more rapid chemical maturation of N (increase in protein concentration of the body with age). It is known that up to the age of 6 months the chemical maturation of N is related to the N intake. In the present study we have found that this difference in chemical maturation lasted up to the age of 15 months. The conclusion drawn from the study was that a protein intake slightly higher than the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) recommendations might be desirable.

scholarly journals Development and Pilot Testing of a Food Literacy Curriculum for High School-Aged Adolescents

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1532
Author(s):  
Lyndsey D. Ruiz ◽  
Marcela D. Radtke ◽  
Rachel E. Scherr
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Literacy Curriculum ◽  
Pilot Testing ◽  
Food Literacy ◽  
Trained Facilitator

Adolescent obesity and poor diet quality are increasingly prevalent and could be mitigated with attainment of food literacy. However, as these programs for adolescents are lacking, the purpose of this project was to develop a food literacy curriculum for high school-aged adolescents. The curriculum was designed in accordance with food literacy attributes and components utilizing Backward Design, Social Cognitive Theory, and Constructivism. After expert committee review, pilot testing was completed in two low-income communities by a trained facilitator and observer. Detailed observations were collected during pilot testing to assess achievement of learning objectives. Modifications were made to lesson procedures as required. The resulting curriculum, Teens CAN: Comprehensive Food Literacy in Cooking, Agriculture, and Nutrition, contains 12 modules of experiential lessons and application activities within three topics. Agriculture lessons concentrate on the food supply chain and food environments; nutrition lessons include food groups while focusing on nutrients of concern for underconsumption; and cooking lessons include food safety, budgeting, and preparation. Teens CAN provides a comprehensive and necessary approach to advancing food literacy in adolescents. Future directions include assessing dietary implications after participating in Teens CAN lessons and employment of an innovative two-tiered cross-age teaching model.

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