The effects of urea supplements on the utilization of straw plus molasses diets by sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Food Intake Rate

Three experiments with sheep were carried out to investigate the effect of urea, added to a diet of straw plus molasses, on roughage intake and digestion, and on the nitrogen status of the animal. Urea, added to straw and molasses at the level of 3% of the amount of straw, increased the ad libitum food intake, rate of cellulose (cotton thread) digestion in the rumen, and rate of passage of food through the gut. When different amounts of urea were fed, the highest levels of intake, rate of cellulose digestion, and rate of passage occurred with 8–16 g urea per sheep per day. Increasing the amount of urea fed to 32 g per day caused significant decreases in rate of passage and intake, within diets containing urea. These were not accompanied by significant changes in rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. With diets of straw and molasses, with and without urea, crude fibre digestibility was positively correlated with the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. Voluntary intake of these diets was positively correlated with rate of passage. When the effect of rate of passage was eliminated, voluntary intake was not significantly correlated with the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. Under the feeding conditions used in these experiments, once sufficient urea had been added to the diet to bring the animal into a small, positive nitrogen balance, additional dietary nitrogen supplied as urea was practically all excreted in the urine. It is concluded that, under these feeding conditions, the primary function of a urea supplement is to enable an animal to maintain nitrogen equilibrium rather than store significant amounts of nitrogen in the body.

scholarly journals An evaluation of the relation between food consumption rate and equilibrium body-weight in male rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Gettys ◽  
Susan Mills ◽  
Donald M. Henrickst
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Food Consumption Rate ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Food Intake Rate

1. Two experimental approaches were employed to assess the relation between food consumption rate and maintenance requirements in male weanling rats. The first approach involved restricting food intake in rats previously given free access to food from weaning to 59 d of age. The second approach involved restriction of food intake to various levels after weaning. Maintenance requirements (g foodid per g body-weight (W)) were estimated by dividing the rate of food consumption by the resulting equilibrium W (EBW) for each animal. In addition, food consumption was partitioned into growth-independent (maintenance) and growth-dependent (gain) components by alternately setting W and specific growth rate (W') to zero in an equation relating food intake rate to W and W. Coupling coefficients representing maintenance consumption (g food/d per g W) and gain consumption (g food/g gain) were estimated for each animal by least squares.2. Both techniques for estimating maintenance consumption provided similar estimates within and across experiments, and regardless of when food restriction was imposed or its severity, consumption for maintenance was about 5% W/d.3. The EBW to which animals in each treatment group aspired was directly proportional to that group's food intake rate.4. Coventional measures of growth efficiency were also related to food intake; efficiency decreased with decreasing food intake. Partitioning food consumption into maintenance and gain components revealed that as the rate of food intake decreased, the proportion of total intake consumed for maintenance increased. The results suggest that growth efficiency declines during food intake restriction because proportionately more of total intake is used for maintenance, leaving less available for gain.

Differential effects of predation risk and competition over vigilance variables and feeding success in Eurasian siskins (Carduelis spinus)

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (14) ◽  
pp. 1665-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Pascual ◽  
Juan Carlos Senar
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Similar Length ◽  
Feeding Success ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Food Intake Rate

Many investigations have studied the effects of predation risk and competition over vigilance and feeding success, but they have proven to be difficult to discriminate. Moreover, none of the studies that have avoided the confusion has considered all the vigilance variables, food intake rate and time spent in the foraging patch. In this study, we designed an experiment with Eurasian siskinsCarduelis spinusforaging on three bird table feeders: one with low predation risk and competition, one with low predation risk and high competition and one with high predation risk and intermediate competition. Birds responded to increasing interference competition by increasing mean scan durations (probably due to the birds having to be vigilant for both other flock members and predators) and maintaining the length of mean inter-scan durations, while they responded to increasing predation risk by reducing mean inter-scan durations (probably in order to detect the predator sooner) while maintaining similar length of mean scan durations. Birds were often ejected from the feeder or departed because of disturbances, so time spent on feeders was reduced both because of competition and predation risk. Pecking rates were affected by competition but not by predation risk. Our results clearly show that birds vigilance strategy while foraging might be very different when they are mainly concerned with scanning for predators or when they primarily monitor competing flock companions. In addition, they stress the importance of recording all the vigilance and feeding variables when studying the effect of ecological factors over the foraging behaviour of birds.

Voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility of low-grade roughage by ruminants

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Sharma ◽  
N. K. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYFour young females of four ruminant species, namely cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat, were fed, in chopped form, a mixture of species of dry grass (Apluda aristata and Themada quadvivalvis; 3·85% crude protein) during a 28-day experimental period. Voluntary intake of grass was determined during the last 10 days and digestibility of feed nutrients during the last 6 days.The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (D.M.) and crude fibre were higher for goats than other species, of organic matter, crude protein (CP) and ether extract were higher for goats and sheep than cows and buffaloes and of nitrogen-free extract higher for goats than cows and buffaloes and for sheep and buffaloes than cows. The daily intake of D.M., digestible CP and total digestible nutrients (TDN) is discussed in relation to body weight (BW) and kg W0·75.Dry grass fed with mineral and vitamin supplement was adequate to sustain the body weights of buffaloes and goats but not of cows and sheep. Buffaloes utilized the dry grass better than other species as is evident from the highest feed and TDN intakes and marginal gain in weight.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF BROILER LITTER AS PROTEIN SOURCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BUNAJI (WHITE FULANI) BULL CALVES

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
M. A. BELEWU ◽  
J. A. ADENEYE
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum

Effect on Voluntary feed intake and Intensive livestock production in recent digestibility when growing cattle consuming forage were supplemented with autoclaved broiler litter (ABL) was investigated. Four, 8-11 months old Bunaji bull calves (82.20kg mean initial BW) in a 4x4 Latin squuare with 21-d periods consuming Panicum Maximum hay ad libitum were randomly alloted to treatments. Concentrate supplement treatments with A (Control, 20 ABL), B (20%), C (40%) and (60%)ABL levels respectively. Calves consumed an average of 1882.25g DM, 165, CP from the sole hay ration. As ABL inclusion increased in the concentrated diets, mean intake crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (CF), and detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose increased EE decreased significantly (P<0.01). quality, depending largely on type of bedding The digestibilities of the DM, CP, CF, ADF, NDF and cellulose of ration A that contained the highest CW (98%) and the least CP (5.14%) where energy content is low (FAO, 1980). Reduction significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those of ABL of chergy content resulting from the based rations B to D. gain was  greatest (P<0.05) for rations D. Gain:DM intake was greater with ABL than without (0.07,  0.40.0.16 and 0.17 for control A, B, C, and D diets The MFN: FN ratio declined as  dietary nitrogen level increased. The results. emphasised the need to supplement the feeding The digestible energy concentration of the of Bunaji cattle with a concentrate diet that Insight simply consist of a combination of roughage (Fontenot and Jurubescu, cassava wastes meal (CWM) and autoclaved broiler litter (ABL), the best of which was shown in this study to be 60% ABL and 38% CWM offered ad Libitum.

Measurement of short term intake rate (STIR) to predict in vivo parameters in sheep

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 98-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Romney ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

It might be expected that the same physical characteristics of a feed, determining the rate of breakdown in the rumen and physical fill, might also influence the rate at which an animal is able to eat a feed. Moseley and Manendez (1989) observed a positive relationship between intake rate measured over 1 minute periods and voluntary intake ad libitum. These authors also suggested that determination of eating rate could be used as a rapid method to evaluate intake characteristics of forages. The present work examines further the potential of what will now be referred to as short term intake rate (STIR value), as a method to rank forages in terms of their potential intake, digestibility and rate of passage.

The utilization of proteins and amino acids in diets based on cassava (Manihot utilissima), rice or sorghum (Sorghum sativa) by young Nigerian men of low income

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Nicol ◽  
P. G. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Sorghum Flour ◽  
Nigerian Men

1. The net protein utilization (npu, the percentage of dietary nitrogen retained in the body, allowance being made for endogenous urinary and faecal N) of diets composed of Nigerian foodstuffs, based on rice, sorghum (Sorghum sativa) or cassava (Manihot utilissima), was compared to that of a minimal protein diet used to determine endogenous N excretion, supplemented with whole egg. The addition of dl-methionine and l-tryptophan to the rice diet produced a small but non-significant increase in npu, whereas the addition of dl-methionine to the cassava diet produced a very significant increase in npu. The npu of a diet based on home-pounded, winnowed, sorghum flour was higher than that of a diet based on milled whole-meal sorghum due to the low digestibility of the latter diet.2. The digestibility of the rice and cassava diets were the same, although the total crude fibre content of the rice diets was lower than that of the cassava diets.3. Nigerian men used the proteins of the egg diet and of mixed diets based on rice, sorghum and cassava more efficiently than predicted by applying methods recommended by the FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements (FAO/WHO, 1973).4. The recommendations of that Committee (FAO/WHO, 1973) to reduce the amounts of sulphur amino acids and tryptophan, contained in the ‘provisional pattern of amino acids’ proposed by the FAO Committee on Protein Requirements (FAO, 1957), are supported, but the increases in lysine and threonine are not supported, by the present results.

Intake and digestibility by sheep of artificially dried forages in several physical forms

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Milne ◽  
R. C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Male Sheep

SUMMARYIn three experiments high quality, autumn-harvested dried Italian ryegrass and lucerne in the form of cobs and pellets and in one of these experiments in the chopped form were offered to mature castrated male sheep at a maintenance level of feeding. Only small differences were found between the physical forms of forage in digestibility of organic matter, retention of nitrogen and loss of energy in the urine, but the digestibility of crude fibre and the mean retention time of stained feed in the gut decreased with decreasing particle size. Increasing the level of feeding of cobs and of pellets from 800 g daily by three equal increments of 400 g caused a linear decline in digestibility but no difference was found between cobs and pellets in the rate of decline of digestibility. In three experiments the dried forages were offered ad libitum and in a fourth experiment a wide range of particle size was simulated by offering ad libitum five ratios of chopped and pelleted grass. Voluntary intake tended to increase as the particle size was reduced over the whole range, but there was no significant difference between the voluntary intakes of mixtures with a modulus of fineness of 4·4 or less. No difference was detected between the voluntary intake of cobs and pellets.

The mechanism of cellulose digestion in the ruminant organism

1927 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Rye Straw ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Basal Ration

During the carrying out of the series of researches which led to the formulation of the well-known expression for calculating the starch equivalent of a feeding stuff, Kellner(1) was led to investigate the value of crude fibre in the fattening ration of oxen. For this purpose he used material which had resulted from the boiling of rye straw with an alkaline solution under pressure, the object of this treatment being to free the cellulose of the straw from incrusting substances. This fibre-rich preparation was added to a basal ration which was slightly in excess of maintenance requirements. The result produced by the addition to the basal ration of the digestible matter derived from the fibre of the treated straw was found by Kellner to be equal to that produced by the addition of an equal weight of pure starch. The conclusion was therefore warranted that the digestion products of cellulose in the ruminant organism are equal, for purposes of fat formation in the body, to those derived from the digestion of starch. This finding is given practical expression in Kellner1s formula for calculating the starch value of a feeding stuff, an equal value being attached to digestible fibre and digestible carbohydrate.It is clear that any theory which is put forward to explain the breakdown of cellulose in the ruminant tract must be compatible with the experimentally demonstrated fact that the products of such digestion of a given weight of digestible fibre are equal in nutritive value to the products derived from the digestion of the same weight of starch.

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