scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum ◽  
V. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Concentration Curves

1.Five sheep were given 400, 625, 850, 1075 and 1300 g lucerne chaff/d according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design to perturbate a mathematical model describing the rate of passage of digesta in terms of rate constants for the reticulo-rumen (k1) and caecum and proximal2.colon (k2), and a transit time (TT) for the intestines. These values were obtained from the concentration curves of51Cr EDTA and144Ce-144Pr (144Pr) excretion in faeces for comparison with similar measurements obtained directly.3.The retention times of markers in the reticulo-rumen, caecum and proximal colon and intestines all decreased by approximately 50% as intakes were increased from 400 to 1300 g/d. For both markers, the direct and indirect measures of half-time in the reticulo-rumen were essentially identical. The predicted (indirect) values for half times in the caecum and proximal colon were smaller than the direct values (P < 0.005) but the correlations between them were significant (P < 0.01) for51Cr EDTA (r 0.66) and144Pr (r 0.78). The direct measures of transit time were smaller (P < 0.025) by 5–10% than the predicted values but correlations between them were significant (P < 0.01) for51Cr EDTA (r 0.91) and for144Pr (r 0.93). Thus the model predicted the changes produced in the rate of passage of digesta and its usefulness and limitations are discussed.3.With144Pr 1/2k1 for the reticulo-rumen and T1/2k2 for the caecum and proximal colon were both positively correlated (P < 0.025) with the organic matter digestibilities. T1/2k2 decreased at half the rate of T1/2k1 with increasing intakes. This would have favoured compensatory digestion in the large intestine.

scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum ◽  
V. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Concentration Curves

1. The rates of passage of markers of fluid and particulate digesta through the sheep alimentary tract have been described mathematically in single-injection experiments by analysing the concentration curves of marker excretion in faecal dry matter and then predicting these concentrations by means of an equation containing two exponential terms. Three components related to this equation are a transit time for digesta in the intestines, a half-time of marker in the reticulo-rumen and a half-time tentatively associated with the passage of marker through the caecum and proximal colon. With this approach no surgical interference with an animal is required to obtain meaningful information about gut function.2. Abomasal cannulation did not affect the rate of passage of 51Cr EDTA through the gut.3. The mean half-times (T1/2) for 51Cr EDTA in the reticulo-rumen and hind-gut, respectively, were 646 and 236 min for a roughage diet and 890 and 607 min for a diet consisting mainly of wheat grain, both diets providing approximately the same amounts of digestible dry matter. These results indicated that the changes in half-times were proportionately much greater in the caecum and proximal colon than in the reticulo-rumen. The mean transit time of marker through the digestive tract also increased from 721 to 1345 min when the concentrate diet was given.4. The complex of chromium-51 with EDTA was excreted faster in faeces than cerium-144–praseodymium-144 when both were given together as a single injection into the reticulorumen. This was caused mainly by differential rates of elimination of water and particulate matter from the reticulo-rumen.

Modelling of experiments with colloidal organic matter in biofilm reactors

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Larsen ◽  
P. Harremoës
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Biofilm Reactors ◽  
Removal Capacity

A mathematical model for the degradation of colloidal organic matter in biofilm reactors has been developed. Contradictory to existing theories, the model includes bulk liquid hydrolysis as the first important step in the degradation sequence. This leads to unexpected effects of different reactor configurations. The model was successfully verified with native starch as a model substrate. Observed differences in colloid removal capacity between trickling filters and RBC-reactors are well explained by the model.

scholarly journals What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle?1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3056-3070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Petzel ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer ◽  
Alexander J Smart ◽  
Kristin E Hales ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

Comparing Direct Versus Indirect Measures of the Pedagogical Effectiveness of Team Testing

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Performance ◽  
Additional Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Student Surveys ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Group Test ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Direct Measures

Direct measures (tests) of the pedagogical effectiveness of team testing and indirect measures (student surveys) of pedagogical effectiveness of team testing were collected in several sections of an undergraduate marketing course with varying levels of the use of team testing. The results indicate that although students perceived team testing to have a substantial impact on their learning, this pedagogy in fact had no impact on direct measures of learning. In an additional analysis, the performance of the team on the group test was best predicted by the best individual performance on the team. Possible explanations and directions for future research are discussed.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

scholarly journals Soil Organic Matter Persistence as a Stochastic Process: Age and Transit Time Distributions of Carbon in Soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1574-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Sierra ◽  
Alison M. Hoyt ◽  
Yujie He ◽  
Susan E. Trumbore
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Transit Time

scholarly journals KECERNAAN NDF DAN ADF YANG MENDAPAT SUPLEMENTASI UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK (UMMB) DARI BEBERAPA JENIS LIMBAH PERTANIAN DAN RUMPUT LAPANG PADA SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE (PO)

ZOOTEC ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Giandi Grahadi Turangan ◽  
B. Tulung ◽  
Y.R.L. Tulung ◽  
M.R. Waani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Peanut Straw

NDF AND ADF DIGESTIBILITY WHICH GET THE SUPPLEMENTED UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK (UMMB) OF SOME CROP RESIDUES TYPE AND LOCAL GRASS ON ONGOLE CROSSBRED CATTLE. A research evaluating dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of crops residues and local grass supplemented urea molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on Ongole crossbred cattle (PO). Four male PO cattle, 12 – 18 months of age with ± 100 kg of body weight were used in this experiment. Latin Square Design 4 x 4 with 4 cows and 4 treatments was used. The treatments were : R1 : UMMB + local grass, R2: UMMB + Corn straw, R3: UMMB + Rice straw, and R4: UMMB + peanut straw. The results showed that there were significant effect (P<0.01) of treatments on NDF and ADF digestibility. C1 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of local grass (68.44% and 61.37%) were higher (P<0.05) compared to crop residues (corn straw 65.25% and 58.59%, rice straw 62.63% dan 52.80%, and peanut straw 67.53% and 59.81%) respectively. C2 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of legume straw was higher than grasses straw; and C3 showed that  NDF and ADF digestibility of rice straw was lower than corn straw. The results have concluded that : 1. NDF and ADF digestibility of local grass were higher compared to crop residues. 2. NDF and ADF digestibility of legume straw (peanut straw) was higher than grasses straw  (corn straw and ricce straw);3. NDF and ADF digestibility of  corn straw was higher than peanut straw.Key words: NDF and ADF digestibility, crop residues, UMMB, ongole crossbred cattle

Applied Tests of Design Skills—Part 1: Divergent Thinking

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
Roger E. Millsap ◽  
Jay Woodward ◽  
S. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Qualitative Reasoning ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Design Skills ◽  
Direct Measures

A number of cognitive skills relevant to conceptual design were identified previously. They include divergent thinking (DT), visual thinking (VT), spatial reasoning (SR), qualitative reasoning (QR), and problem formulation (PF). A battery of standardized tests is being developed for these design skills. This paper focuses only on the divergent thinking test. This particular test has been given to over 500 engineering students and a smaller number of practicing engineers. It is designed to evaluate four direct measures (fluency, flexibility, originality, and quality) and four indirect measures (abstractability, afixability, detailability, and decomplexability). The eight questions on the test overlap in some measures and the responses can be used to evaluate several measures independently (e.g., fluency and originality can be evaluated separately from the same idea set). The data on the twenty-three measured variables were factor analyzed using both exploratory and confirmatory procedures. A four-factor solution with correlated (oblique) factors was deemed the best available solution after examining solutions with more factors. The indirect measures did not appear to correlate strongly either among themselves or with the other direct measures. The four-factor structure was then taken into a confirmatory factor analytic procedure that adjusted for the missing data. It was found to provide a reasonable fit. Estimated correlations among the four factors (F) ranged from a high of 0.32 for F1 and F2 to a low of 0.06 for F3 and F4. All factor loadings were statistically significant.

Effect of leucaena supplementation level, and provision of urea, on utilisation by sheep of Rhodes grass hay

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Karda ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Tarramba leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba) foliage had per kilogram dry matter, 169 g protein and 29.8 g condensed tannins. Its value as a supplement, given either with or without urea, to sheep given a low-quality Callide Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Callide) hay was studied. Six rumen fistulated sheep (mean s.d. liveweight, 34 1.4 kg) were used to compare 6 dietary treatments in an incomplete latin square design. Rhodes grass hay was given ad libitum either alone, or with urea 7 g/day (U), or with leucaena 150 g/day (L150), or leucaena with urea (L150U), or leucaena 300 g/day (L300), or leucaena with urea (L300U). Digestible organic matter intake was increased significantly by leucaena supplementation although digestibility of the whole diet did not alter. Rumen fluid ammonia-N was not altered by leucaena supplementation, but was increased by urea. This suggests that Tarramba foliage protein has some resistance to ruminal degradation. Liquid and solids passage rates were not affected by the treatments. Microbial nitrogen supply to the intestine (g/day), and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), were increased by leucaena supplementation (P<0.01). Microbial protein synthesis was the only response in which 300 g/day air-dry Tarramba foliage gave improved results over 150 g/day.

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