scholarly journals Influence of feeding regimen and protein supplementation on the sites of net absorption of magnesium in sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Grace ◽  
J. C. Macrae
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Daily Paper ◽  
Daily Flows

1. Sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were given diets of dried grass, and dried grass supplemented with formalin-treated or untreated casein. They were fed either continuously or once daily. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.2. The observed daily flows of magnesium at the duodenum and ileum were highly correlated with the corresponding flows of Cr.3. There was a net absorption of Mg from the stomach as well as the intestinal region of all sheep.4. Protein supplementation had no effect on the extent or sites of Mg absorption, but altering the feeding regimen changed the proportions of the net absorption of Mg occurring in the stomach and intestinal regions.

scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pfeffer ◽  
A. Thompson ◽  
D. C. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. In each of three experiments, two sheep were given diets consisting of hay, or two parts hay to one part barley or one part hay to two parts barley. Each sheep was equipped with a cannula into the rumen and re-entrant cannulas into the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum. The rations containing barley were supplemented to adjust the intake of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium to a level similar to that in the all-hay ration. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was given twice daily by rumen fistula.2. Amounts of crude ash and the five minerals entering and leaving the small intestine and excreted in the faeces were measured. The amounts passing through the re-entrant cannulas were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromic oxide. The values were used to calculate the direction and net movements of the elements through the walls of the three main parts of the alimentary tract.3. In all instances there was an extensive net secretion of Na and P between mouth and small intestine, net absorption of K and P from the small intestine and of Na from the large intestine.4. The net movements of Ca and Mg were small and rather variable. In five of the six observations there was a small net secretion of Ca and small net absorption of Mg during passage of the digesta through the reticulo-rurnen, omasurn and abomasurn. Net secretion of Ca and Mg apparently occurred in the small intestine and net absorption of Mg in the large intestine.5. The only between-diet differences were small differences in net movements of Na and K.

scholarly journals Studies on the flow of zinc, cobalt, copper and manganese along the digestive tract of sheep given fresh perennial ryegrass, or white or red clover

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Cobalt Copper

1. Sheep fitted with a rumen fistula and either a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum or a re-entrant cannula at the terminal ileum were given twice daily 480–520 g dry matter as fresh perennial ryegrass, or white or red clover. Flows of digesta were corrected to 100% recovery of chromic oxide.2. The quantities (g/24 h) of zinc and cobalt leaving the stomach were significantly greater than those in the food. No significant change was found in the quantities of copper and manganese. Significantly smaller quantities of Co (all three diets) and Zn (all diets except red clover) left the small intestine than those which entered this region. No significant differences in the quantities of Cu and Mn entering and leaving the small intestine were found. Significantly smaller quantities of Zn, Co, Cu and Mn were excreted in the faeces than entered the large intestine.3. From the flow results it was determined that there was a significant net secretion of Zn and Co in the stomach, and a significant net absorption of Zn (except with the red-clover diet) and Co from the small intestine, and of Zn, Co, Cu and Mn from the large intestine.

scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C MacRae ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
The Mean

1. The use of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as an indigestible marker for studies on intestinal digestion in sheep has been examined. The sheep used were equipped with a cannula into the rumen and a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum; some also had a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum. The marker was administered twice daily in the form of Cr2O3-impregnated paper, through the rumen cannula.2. Recovery of Cr2O3 in the faeces, based on 7-day collection periods, was satisfactory, the mean recovery for all seven experiments being 99.6 ± 0.7%. In seventeen 24 h collections of digesta entering the proximal duodenum, the mean recovery of the daily dose of marker was 83.7% (range 63.6-148.4%); in eleven such collections at the terminal ileum the mean recovery was 77.3% (54.0-90.0%).3. Detailed examination of the concentrations of Cr2O3 in dry matter was made with individual samples taken during single 24 h periods for five duodenal and three ileal collection periods. There were always marked variations in these concentrations. It is concluded that use of short collection periods to give mean values for the flow of digesta throughout the 24 h, at particular points along the tract, may lead to large errors.

scholarly journals The effect of drying and ensiling grass on its digestion in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
E. Pfeffer ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

1. The effect of drying and ensiling ryegrass on the site of digestion of the energy andcarbohydrate fractions was studied in sheep fitted with rumen cannulas and re-entrant can-nulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.2. The sheep were given fresh (frozen) grass, dried grass, wilted and unwilted silage pre-pared from herbage harvested from the same sward. The grass diets were offered twice dailyto each animal and paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was administered twicedaily into the rumen. Twenty-four hour collections of duodenal and ileal digesta, adjusted togive 100 yo recovery of Cr2O3, were analysed to determine the extent of digestion in the fore-stomachs, the small intestine and the caecum and colon.3. Total digestibility of the gross energy was similar for the fresh grass, dried grass andwilted silage diets (67·4,68·1 and67·5 %)but higher for the unwilted silage (72·0 %, P < 0·01).There was an increased flow of energy into the small intestine when the sheep were given driedgrass and unwilted silage. The proportion of the apparently digested energy lost within thesmall intestine was greater when the dried grass was given (302 yo) than when the fresh grasswas given (23·6 yo).4. Drying or ensiling of wilted material affected digestion neither in the entire alimentarytract nor in the different sections of the tract, of some carbohydrate fractions. About 97 yo ofthe digested water-soluble carbohydrate, over 90 yo of the digested cellulose and over 70 yo ofthe digested hemicellulose were digested before reaching the small intestine. The increasedamount of energy entering the duodenum of the sheep given the dried grass was notaccounted for by changes in the fate of these carbohydrate fractions in the digestive tract. Withunwilted silage, digestibilities of the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions were higher, andlower proportions of the digested carbohydrates were lost before the small intestine.

Effects of feeding frequency and level of feed intake on chemical composition of rumen bacteria

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. John
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Total N ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Cell Composition ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Pool Sizes

SummaryCell mass (dry matter per cell) and cell composition (concentrations of DNA, RNA, phospholipids, total N, a-dextran, diaminopimelic acid and 18 common amino acids) of rumen bacteria were measured at various times after feeding sheep chaffed lucerne hay (Medicago sativaL.) once daily. Cell composition was measured with sheep fed once hourly. Total DNA and RNA pool sizes in the rumen were also measured.While cell composition was not affected by level of feed intake (700 gv. 1050 g dry matter/day), total DNA, RNA and D.M. pool sizes in the rumen increased with increasing feed intake. With sheep on the once daily feeding regimen relative rumen pool sizes in rumen digesta at various times after feeding were: RNA, 4 > 14 > 0 h; DNA, 4 and 14 > 0 h; D.M. 4 > 14 > 0 h. With the hourly feeding regimen pool sizes were similar to the averaged daily values for sheep fed once daily.When sheep were fed once daily bacterial cell mass, DNA and phospholipid concentrations peaked at 12–14 h after feeding and subsequently decreased to the 0 h value. RNA concentration was maximal at about 4 h after feeding and declined to near the 0 h value at about 14 h. RNA concentrations in bacteria were highly correlated with gas production rates by whole rumen digesta. The ratio RNA:DNA was highest shortly after feeding, decreased to below the 0 h value at about 14 h and then increased to the 0 h value. The relative concentrations of a-dextran in bacteria were: 4 > 14 > 0 h. Cell composition witli sheep fed hourly tended to reflect the averaged daily values for sheep fed once daily.These results are discussed with regard to changes in estimated fermentation rate and pool size of bacteria in the rumen. It is suggested that changes in average composition (DNA, RNA, total N and RNA: DNA ratio) of mixed rumen bacteria reflect changes in the average growth rate of the population.

scholarly journals The effect of enzyme treatment of cooked barley and supplementation of piglet diets on the digestibility of barley and piglet performance

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-699
Author(s):  
J. Inborr ◽  
M. Näsi ◽  
K. Suomi
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Hydrothermal Processing ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

A digestibility trial, designed as a 5*5 Latin square, with growing pigs was conducted to investigate the effect of cooking and enzyme treatment of barley on digestibility and nitrogen utilization. In addition, two piglet performance trials were conducted to investigate the effect of hydrothermal processing of barley and soybean meal and enzyme supplementation of piglet feeds on performance and health status. Five pigs, averaging 40 kg LW, were fitted with T-shaped cannulas in the terminal ileum and fed the experimental diets for five consequtive 12-day experimental periods. Chromic oxide was used as marker. Cooking of barley significantly improved the apparent faecal digestibility (AD) of DM, OM, CP and EE (p

Fixed feeding potentiates interdigestive gastric motor activity in rats: importance of eating habits for maintaining interdigestive MMC

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. G655-G659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Ariga ◽  
Kenji Imai ◽  
Cindy Chen ◽  
Christopher Mantyh ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Gastric Contractions

Endogenous ghrelin regulates the occurrence of interdigestive gastric phase III-like contractions in rats. However, the fasted motor pattern is not as regular and potent in humans and dogs. We hypothesize that eating habits play an important role in maintaining a regular interdigestive gastric contractions. We studied the effect of fixed-feeding regimen on interdigestive gastric contractions and plasma acyl ghrelin levels. The fixed-fed rats were trained to the assigned meal feeding regimen, once daily at 12:00 PM to 4:00 PM for 14 days. Free-fed rats were maintained with free access to food. As ghrelin regulates gastric emptying as well, solid gastric emptying was also studied in fixed-fed rats and free-fed rats. In free-fed rats, two of six rats did not show interdigestive gastric phase III-like contractions. In contrast, phase III-like contractions were observed in all rats 14 days after starting the fixed-feeding regimen. The maximal amplitude of phase III-like contractions significantly increased from 8.4 ± 0.6 to 16.3 ± 1.8 g ( n = 6, P < 0.05) 14 days after the start of the fixed feeding. Fasted and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels were significantly increased after 14 days of fixed feeding. Solid gastric emptying was significantly accelerated in fixed-fed rats (72.1 ± 4.2%) compared with that of free-fed rats (58.7 ± 2.7%, n = 6, P < 0.05). Our present findings suggest that fixed feeding increases plasma ghrelin levels, potent interdigestive contractions, and acceleration of gastric emptying.

scholarly journals The effect of frequency of feeding on the utilization of free lysine by growing pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Frequent Feeding ◽  
Feeding Regimen

1. Pigs from 20 to 47 kg live weight were given a wheat–safflower diet supplemented with either 0, 2 or 4 g L-lysine/kg either once daily or in six equal portions at intervals of 3 h.2. The addition of lysine at both levels significantly (P < 0.001) increased growth rate, feed conversion and lean content of the ham.3. Frequency of feeding had no effect on the response of pigs given the control diet.4. A significant interaction (P < 0.05) between frequency of feeding and lysine supplementation occurred for growth rate. Growth responses to the supplements of 2 and 4 g L-lysine/ kg with once-daily feeding were only 43 and 69% of those achieved under the frequent-feeding regimen.

scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Almost All

1. In seven experiments sheep were given diets ranging from all-hay to all-barley, and also a diet comprising one part hay to two parts flaked maize. Each sheep was equipped with a cannula into the rumen and a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum; six of the ten also had a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was given twice daily by rumen fistula.2. Amounts of α-linked glucose polymer entering and leaving the small intestine and excreted in the faeces were measured. Some values for a fraction designated non-glucose reducing polymer for cellulose and for gross energy were also obtained. The amounts passing the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum were adjusted to give 100% recovery of Cr2O3 and the values were used to measure the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract.3. When rolled or whole barley was given alone or was the major feed constituent the amount of α-linked glucose polymer entering the small intestine was 6.0±0.76% of that ingested (range 2.6–8.1%). The value was significantly lower than that found for the diet of hay and flaked maize (10.4±1.3%, range 8.0–13.6 %).The α-linked glucose polymer which entered the small intestine was almost completely digested there.4. The digestibility of the non-glucose reducing polymer, which included much of the hemicelluloses present, ranged from 51 to 73% and almost all the digestible fraction (93–97%) was digested before the small intestine when hay or predominantly hay diets were given. On high-cereal diets only 71–85% of the digested fraction disappeared before the small intestine and appreciable amounts were digested in the large intestine.5. On the all-hay diet 91% of the digestible cellulose and 67% of the digestible energy were lost before the small intestine, 0 and 21% in the small intestine and 9 and 12% in the large intestine.6. Mean digestibility coefficients determined in sheep fed solely on either whole or rolled barley were: for dry matter 88.1 and 87.9%, for nitrogen 83.5 and 82.1%, for crude fibre 53.7 and 56.6% and for gross energy 87.7 and 88.0%.

Flow rates of components in digesta of pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, and fed semipurified, hard wheat, and soft wheat diets

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 891-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ivan ◽  
David J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Hard Wheat ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Post Feeding

Four pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to study flow rates of total digesta, insoluble dry matter, nitrogen, and amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine. The pigs received a semipurified diet, a hard wheat diet, or a soft wheat diet. These were approximately isonitrogenous.A higher rate of passage of digesta through the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were measured in pigs receiving the hard wheat diet. Peak flow of digesta at the duodenum of all pigs occurred at 1 h post feeding. Peak flow of digesta at the ileum occurred at 9 h post feeding on the soft wheat diet, but somewhat earlier on the hard wheat and semipurified diet. More nitrogen and essential amino acids flowed in the solid fraction of duodenal digesta during the first 2 h post feeding for the wheat diets and 4 h post feeding for the semipurified diet.It was concluded that flow rate of most nutrients from the stomach and through the small intestine of pigs is modified by the composition and texture of the food ingested. It is postulated that efficiency of mixing of digesta with digestive secretions in the stomach is a major factor influencing rate of flow.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document