Fixed feeding potentiates interdigestive gastric motor activity in rats: importance of eating habits for maintaining interdigestive MMC

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. G655-G659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Ariga ◽  
Kenji Imai ◽  
Cindy Chen ◽  
Christopher Mantyh ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Gastric Contractions

Endogenous ghrelin regulates the occurrence of interdigestive gastric phase III-like contractions in rats. However, the fasted motor pattern is not as regular and potent in humans and dogs. We hypothesize that eating habits play an important role in maintaining a regular interdigestive gastric contractions. We studied the effect of fixed-feeding regimen on interdigestive gastric contractions and plasma acyl ghrelin levels. The fixed-fed rats were trained to the assigned meal feeding regimen, once daily at 12:00 PM to 4:00 PM for 14 days. Free-fed rats were maintained with free access to food. As ghrelin regulates gastric emptying as well, solid gastric emptying was also studied in fixed-fed rats and free-fed rats. In free-fed rats, two of six rats did not show interdigestive gastric phase III-like contractions. In contrast, phase III-like contractions were observed in all rats 14 days after starting the fixed-feeding regimen. The maximal amplitude of phase III-like contractions significantly increased from 8.4 ± 0.6 to 16.3 ± 1.8 g ( n = 6, P < 0.05) 14 days after the start of the fixed feeding. Fasted and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels were significantly increased after 14 days of fixed feeding. Solid gastric emptying was significantly accelerated in fixed-fed rats (72.1 ± 4.2%) compared with that of free-fed rats (58.7 ± 2.7%, n = 6, P < 0.05). Our present findings suggest that fixed feeding increases plasma ghrelin levels, potent interdigestive contractions, and acceleration of gastric emptying.

Changes in body composition attendant on force feeding

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence Cohn ◽  
Dorothy Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Access To Food

Normal young adult male rats were either force-fed or allowed to eat ad libitum a moderate carbohydrate diet for 3–4 weeks. The force-fed animals were given either the amount of diet consumed by the animals eating ad libitum (pair-fed) or 80% of this amount (underfed). After a 2-week period of observation, we found that the rats eating ad libitum gained 65 gm of body weight, the pair-fed, force-fed 62 gm and the underfed, force-fed 40 gm. On the basis of the water, fat and protein content of the skin, viscera and carcass of control animals killed at the beginning of the feeding regimen and of similar constituents of the experimental animals after 2 weeks of feeding, the composition of the newly formed tissues of the various groups of animals consisted of the following: a) the rat with free access to food—water = 67.8%, fat = 7.8% and protein = 22.4%; b) the pair-fed, force-fed animal—water = 55.5%, fat = 23.6% and protein = 17.7%; c) the underfed, force-fed animal—water = 64.4%, fat = 7.9% and protein = 20.0%. The ratio of calories retained in newly formed tissue to the calories ingested over the 2-week period was 11.9% for the animals eating ad libitum, 20.6% for the pair-fed, force-fed animals and 9.5% for the underfed, force-fed rats. Force feeding appears to change intermediary metabolic pathways in the direction of increased ‘efficiency’ with resultant greater fat deposition.

Motility of the pyloric sphincter studied by the inductograph method in conscious dogs

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (5) ◽  
pp. G650-G657 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Ehrlein
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Pyloric Sphincter ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Luminal Flow ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastric Contractions

The aim of the study is to evaluate the motility of the pyloric sphincter in conscious dogs by means of extraluminal transducers. For this purpose induction coils were chronically implanted in 12 dogs. After a meal the pylorus opened and closed in relation to the gastric waves. The mean changes in pyloric diameter were 5.4 +/- 1.0 mm. During phase I of the interdigestive state, the mean degree of pyloric opening was 39 +/- 18%. Gastric contractions occurring during phase II or phase III were accompanied with a marked increase in pyloric diameter; the degree of pyloric opening was 93 +/- 12%. Duodenal instillations of hydrochloric acid or oleic acid significantly diminished the pyloric diameter. Nutrients added to a viscous meal also diminished the pyloric opening significantly in comparison with an acaloric meal. Results suggest that the pyloric sphincter is involved in the control of gastric emptying. The inductograph is a useful technique to study pyloric activity without impediment of luminal flow in animals.

scholarly journals The Effect of Diet Carbonated Drinks and Monosodium Glutamate on the Cerebellar Cortex and the Kidney of Adult Male Albino Rats. Histological and Immuno- histochemical Study

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N A A Abdelwahed ◽  
E Z Geith ◽  
N K Kalleny ◽  
H A Abdelkhalek
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Carbonated Drinks ◽  
Access To Food

Abstract Background The consumption of fast- food is increasing among children, adolescents and adults. Carbonated drinks are widely consumed with fast food that also exists in the form of diet drinks as Diet Coke. One of the thousands of chemicals used in our new high-tech foods is the monosodium glutamate (MSG). Aim of the Study This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Diet Coke and monosodium glutamate salt either separately or in combination on the cerebellar cortex and kidney of adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods Twenty five adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. Group I: control group (10 rats) divided equally into two subgroups, subgroup IA in which rats had free access to food and water and subgroup 1B in which each rat administrated 0.5 ml of distilled water once daily by oral gavage. Rats had free access to food and water. Group II (5 rats): in which rats received Diet Coke instead of water throughout the day. Group DI (5 rats): in which each rat received 0.5m1 of MSG salt solution by dose of 3ern MSG/kgm by oral gavage once daily. Group IV (5 rats): in which each rat received Diet Coke instead of water throughout the day and 0.5m1 of MSG salt solution by dose of 3gm MSG/kgm by oral gavage once daily. Cerebella and kidneys were dissected out and processed for histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. Results Histological examination of the cerebellum and the kidney revealed that both Diet Coke and MSG either separately or in combination resulted in degenerative changes that were more significant in the combination group. The cerebellum showed degeneration of Purkinje cells and vaculations in the molecular layer. The kidney showed shrunken glomeruli, vacuolations of cells lining renal tubules with pyknotic nuclei. Hyaline debris detected in renal sections of combination group. Conclusion Diet Coke and MSG induced degenerative changes in both the cerebellum and the kidney that was more significant in their combination.

scholarly journals Tacrolimus Once Daily (ADVAGRAF) Versus Twice Daily (PROGRAF) in De Novo Renal Transplantation: A Randomized Phase III Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2632-2643 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Krämer ◽  
B. Charpentier ◽  
L. Bäckman ◽  
H. Tedesco Silva Jr ◽  
G. Mondragon-Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Transplantation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Phase Iii Study

Small intestinal motility in fasted and postprandial states: effect of transient vagosympathetic blockade

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (3) ◽  
pp. G301-G308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Chung ◽  
N. E. Diamant
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Intestinal Motility ◽  
Gastric Fundus ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Entire Small Bowel ◽  
Vagal Blockade ◽  
Small Intestinal Motility ◽  
Proximal Small Bowel ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Gastric Contractions

We investigated vagal control of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and postprandial pattern of the canine small intestine. Gastric and small intestinal motility were monitored in six conscious dogs. The vagosympathetic nerves, previously isolated in bilateral skin loops, were blocked by cooling. To feed, a meat-based liquid food was infused by tube into the gastric fundus. MMC phases I, II, III, and IV were observed in the fasted state. On feeding, the fed pattern appeared quickly in the proximal small bowel but was delayed distally. Vagal blockade abolished all gastric contractions and spiking activity as well as the small bowel fed pattern. During vagal blockade, the small bowel exhibited MMC-like migrating bursts of spikes in both the fasted and fed states. The migration and cycling of these bursts were not significantly different from the MMC, but the duodenal and jejunal phase II was absent or shortened. On termination of vagal blockade, normal fasting or fed activity reappeared but with a delay in the fed pattern distally. We conclude: the ileum is the least sensitive to vagal blockade; the fasting vagal influence is exerted primarily on phases I and II of the duodenal and jejunal MMC; the fed pattern throughout the entire small bowel is normally dependent upon vagal integrity; the phase III-like bursts of activity seen during vagal blockade likely represents the intrinsic small bowel MMC, which is vagally independent.

Intraluminal lipids modulate avian gastrointestinal motility

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. R445-R452 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Martinez ◽  
M. Jimenez ◽  
E. Gonalons ◽  
P. Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
Speed Of Propagation ◽  
Spike Bursts

Infusion of lipids into the ileum delays gastric emptying and intestinal transit time in some species. The aim of this study was to characterize the actions of intraluminal lipid infusion on gastrointestinal electrical activity in chickens. Animals were prepared for electromyography with chronic electrodes in stomach, duodenum, and small intestine. Two catheters were chronically placed in the esophagus and ileum to infuse equimolar doses of either oleic acid (OA) or triolein (TO). Both OA and TO, esophageally infused, inhibited the frequency of the gastroduodenal cycle and increased the frequency of antiperistaltic spike bursts in the duodenum. Ileal infusion of OA, but not of TO, produced the same effects. Both esophageal and ileal OA infusion increased the duration of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and decreased the speed of propagation of phase III. In conclusion, intraluminal infusion of lipids modulates gastrointestinal motility by decreasing the frequency of the gastric cycle, increasing duodenogastric refluxes, and elongating the MMC. These actions could delay gastric emptying and increase transit time, which suggests the presence of an "ileal brake" mechanism similar to that described in mammals.

Behaviour of Rats During Selfinitiated Pauses in Feeding and Drinking, and during Periodic Response-Independent Delivery of Food and Water

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Roper
Keyword(s):  
Good Predictor ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Baseline Level ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Interreinforcement Interval ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Periodic Response ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Schedule Induction

In Experiment I rats deprived of either food or water were given free access to food or water respectively, and their behaviour was observed during self-imposed pauses in feeding or drinking. In Experiment II food or water were delivered according to fixed-time 30-s and fixed-time 60-s schedules, and the behaviour of the rats was observed during the interreinforcement intervals imposed by these schedules. In both experiments the temporal pattern of those activities that occurred during pauses in eating differed from the pattern of activities occurring during pauses in drinking; and with both food and water the temporal pattern of activities during self-imposed pauses in consummatory behaviour in Experiment I proved a good predictor of the pattern of activities during schedule-imposed interreinforcement intervals in Experiment II. This suggests that intermittent schedules permit the occurrence of those activities that are normally closely associated with the consummatory behaviour in question. In Experiment II certain activities that occurred towards the end of the interreinforcement interval were found to be enhanced relative to baseline level, but there was no enhancement of activities occurring near the beginning of the interval. This is contrary to Staddon's (1977) account of schedule-induced behaviour, and suggests that schedule-induction is not as common as has sometimes been supposed.

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