scholarly journals Pancreatic amylase in chickens fed on soya-bean diets

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lepkovsky ◽  
T. Koike ◽  
M. Sugiura ◽  
M. K. Dimick ◽  
F. Furuta
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Pancreatic Amylase ◽  
Protein Substrates ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

1. The action of raw and heated soya beans on pancreatic function was studied by measuring the amylase activity of the pancreases and intestinal contents of intact chickens and of chickens with ileostomies at fasting and after eating, before and after adaptation to heated and raw soya-bean diets, with a methionine supplement and without. 2. The concentration of amylase in the pancreases of 8-week-old chickens eating raw soya-bean diets was lower than that of those eating heated soya-bean diets. These chickens were deficient in methionine; supplementation of the raw soya-bean diet with methionine greatly increased the levels of amylase in the pancreases of such chickens; supplementation of the heated soya-bean diet with methionine increased the levels of amylase in pancreases to a smaller extent. 3. Methionine was less effective in increasing the amylase levels of the pancreases of 11-week-old chickens eating raw soya-bean diets, since at this age the deficiency of methionine was much less pronounced. 4. More amylase activity was found in intestinal contents of chickens eating raw soya-bean diets than in those eating heated soya-bean diets. 5. In vitro studies showed that fractions prepared from raw soya beans, all containing high levels of trypsin inhibitors, stabilized amylase activity despite the active proteolysis of other protein substrates in the same amylase-containing mixtures. 6. CaCl2 stabilized amylase activity in vitro in unactivated and activated pancreatic juice as such, and after additions of raw soya beans or their fractions before and after autoclaving. 7. The increased levels of amylase found in the intestinal contents of the chickens eating raw soya beans may represent greater secretion of amylase activity by the pancreas, stabilization of amylase activity by the raw soya bean, or both factors. Interpretation of measurements of amylase activity in the intestinal contents of chickens eating heated or raw soya beans is uncertain. 8. The bearing of this work on current views of the nutritional value of raw and heated soya beans is discussed.

scholarly journals Symbiotic drink based on Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K): production, characterization, probiotic viability and sensory acceptance

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Cezar da Cunha Júnior ◽  
Lorena de Sá de Oliveira ◽  
Lucas de Paiva Gouvêa ◽  
Marcela de Alcantara ◽  
Amauri Rosenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Brazil Nuts ◽  
Gastrointestinal Conditions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Solids Content

ABSTRACT: Brazil nut is a typical oilseed from the Amazon region, of great economic and cultural importance. Due to its high nutritional value, it is interesting to be used as a matrix for new products’ development. Thus, the present study aimed to develop and characterize a drink based on Brazil nuts fermented by Lactobacillus casei and added with inulin. After formulated, the drink was pasteurized, fermented, maturated, and stored under refrigeration for 28 days. Physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory analyzes were performed before and after fermentation, at 7-day intervals. There was maintenance in the content of lipids and proteins and reduction in the concentrations of fibers, ash, total carbohydrates, and moisture. The fermented drink pH decreased significantly during storage, while the acidity and the soluble solids content increased from the 14th day. Regarding the color, there were significant changes in all parameters analyzed. In the fermented drink, the development of molds and yeasts, total and thermotolerant coliforms, and Salmonella were not verified, while the control drink deteriorated after 7 days. The probiotic L. casei had count ranging from 9.48 to 8.59 log CFU mL-1 during the 28 days. When exposed to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions, L. casei significantly reduced its concentration. However, it reached the enteric phase with counts greater than 6.00 log UFC mL-1. Sensorially, the drink reached intermediate scores (between 5.41 and 6.02). Therefore, the use of Brazil nuts proved to be viable for the development of a product free of animal-origin components, symbiotic, and of outstanding nutritional quality.

Amylase secretion by parotid glands and pancreas of diabetic rats during feeding

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (6) ◽  
pp. G878-G882 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kurahashi ◽  
K. Inomata
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastric Content ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Amylase Secretion ◽  
Pancreatic Amylase ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Appreciable Change ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Small Intestinal

Parotid and pancreatic amylase secretion into the gastrointestinal tract during feeding was investigated in diabetic rats. In control rats, both parotid and pancreatic amylase activity decreased after feeding, while the amylase activity present in the gastric and small intestinal contents increased. In diabetic rats, parotid amylase activity, although reduced from control levels, decreased after feeding, and amylase activity of the parotid type appeared in the gastric content. Amylase activities in the diabetic pancreas and small intestinal contents at fasting were markedly reduced and did not show appreciable change with feeding. The total amylase activity in the small intestinal contents after feeding was markedly reduced in the diabetic rats, whereas the ratio of parotid to pancreatic amylase was markedly increased. These results suggest that the amylase secreted from the parotid glands into the gastrointestinal tract during feeding acts not only in the mouth and stomach but also in the small intestine of diabetic rats.

scholarly journals The effect of methionine supplementation on the levels of pancreatopeptidase E, trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase in the pancreas of chicks receiving raw and heated soya-bean diets

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafrira Nitsan ◽  
A. Gertler
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitors ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Methionine Metabolism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

1. The effect of methionine supplementation upon pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatopeptidase E and amylase of chicks given raw and heated soya-bean diets (RSD and HSD) was studied before and after fasting.2. Statistical analysis of the ratios of amylase to pancreatopeptidase E, trypsin and chymotrypsin in each individual chick revealed that methionine supplementation consistently increased the ratio of amylolytic to proteolytic enzymes. This phenomenon was most marked in the fasted RSD group, less in the fed RSD and fasted HSD groups and least in the fed HSD group.3. The results are discussed in relation to methionine metabolism in chicks given RSD and HSD supplemented with trypsin inhibitors.

scholarly journals Trypsin inhibitor and the nutritional value of soya beans

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lepkovsky ◽  
F. Furuta ◽  
Mildred K. Dimivk
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Inhibitor Protein

1. One reason, based on indirect evidence, advanced in explanation of the low nutritional value of raw soya bean (RS) is that it stimulates the pancreas to secrete massive amounts of protein which are ultimately lost in the faeces. This theory has been investigated directly.2. The expected outpouring of pancreatic protein did not occur when the secretion of enzymes and protein in pancreatic juice from chickens and rats given successively heated soya bean (HS) and RS diets was measured directly.3. It is suggested that RS, acting upon intestinal proteins, forms trypsin inhibitor-protein complexes which, in spite of adequate proteolytic activity, escape digestion and are lost with the faeces, thus decreasing the nutritional value of the diet.

DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY INTAKE BY WETHERS OF DIETS CONTAINING AMMONIATED OR HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM-TREATED NEEPAWA WHEAT STRAW FROM FIELDS FERTILIZED WITH MANURE OR CHEMICAL FERTILIZER

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. KNIPFEL ◽  
J. A. KERNAN ◽  
E. COXWORTH
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
High Pressure Steam ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Voluntary Intake

High-pressure steam treatment and ammoniation were compared as procedures to improve the intake and digestibility of Neepawa wheat straw by wethers. In addition, the effects of hog manure or commercial fertilizer upon the nutritional value of Neepawa wheat straw were examined. Ammoniation increased the availability of energy and N of diets containing straw from both fertilizer treatments. Straw from the manured field was of slightly higher quality before and after ammoniation than was straw from the chemically fertilized field. High-pressure steam treatment increased the digestibility of energy-yielding components of diets containing chemically fertilized straw more than ammoniation, and increased intake of digestibile energy to levels significantly greater than those of untreated or ammoniated straw. In vitro forage evaluation consistently underestimated the nutrititive value of rations containing high levels of either untreated or processed straw.

The potential for improving soya-bean meal in diets for weaned piglets by protease treatment: comparison with other protein sources

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 136-136
Author(s):  
J.A. Rooke ◽  
H. Fraser ◽  
M. Shanks ◽  
A Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Protease Treatment ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Vegetable proteins, including soya-bean meal (SBM), can only be included in diets for newly-weaned piglets in restricted amounts as they can induce a transient local gut hypersensitivity. This hypersensitivity may be a causative factor in post-weaning diarrhoea. The object of the current experiment was to assess whether protease treatment of SBM could reduce in vitro antigenicity of SBM and improve its nutritional value when fed to newly weaned piglets.Soya-bean meal was treated for 3 h at 50°C at 800 g water / kg. Treatment was carried out at pH 4.5 without and with lg protease P2 (Finnfeeds International Ltd) / kg soya-bean meal dry matter (DM). Treated SBM was neutralised and dried at 65°C before inclusion into diets. The diets were formulated to contain 14.5 MJ Digestible Energy (DE), 190 g crude protein (CP) and 12 g total lysine / kg.

scholarly journals Bromelain protects piglets from diarrhoea caused by oral challenge with K88 positive enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli

Gut ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Chandler ◽  
T L Mynott
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Activity ◽  
Intestinal Fistula ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Effective Prophylaxis ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Etec Infection

Background—K88 positive enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli (K88+ ETEC) is an important cause of diarrhoea in young piglets. K88+ ETEC pathogenesis relies on attachment to specific glycoprotein receptors located on the intestinal mucosa. Proteolytic treatment of these receptors in vitro and in vivo prevents attachment of K88+ETEC to piglet small intestines and may be of clinical use to prevent K88+ ETEC pathogenesis.Aims—To determine whether bromelain, a proteolytic extract obtained from pineapple stems, would protect piglets against K88+ ETEC diarrhoea and to confirm and extend earlier findings on the effects of bromelain on K88+ ETEC receptors in vivo.Methods—Bromelain (0, 12.5, or 125 mg) was orally administered to just weaned piglets for 10 days. One day following commencement of bromelain treatment, piglets were challenged with K88+ ETEC (5 × 1010 K88ac:0149) for seven days. Intestinal contents from unchallenged piglets were obtained via an intestinal fistula, and tested for their ability to bind K88+ ETEC before and after bromelain treatment.Results—Both doses of bromelain were successful in reducing the incidence of K88+ ETEC diarrhoea and protected piglets from life threatening disease. Bromelain treated pigs also had significantly increased weight gain compared with untreated pigs. Bromelain only temporarily inhibited K88+ ETEC receptor activity, with receptor activity being regenerated 30 hours following treatment, consistent with the regeneration of new enterocytes.Conclusion—Results show that bromelain can temporarily inactivate ETEC receptors in vivo and protect against ETEC induced diarrhoea. Bromelain may therefore be an effective prophylaxis against ETEC infection.

The potential for improving soya-bean meal in diets for weaned piglets by protease treatment: comparison with other protein sources

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 136-136
Author(s):  
J.A. Rooke ◽  
H. Fraser ◽  
M. Shanks ◽  
A Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Protease Treatment ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Vegetable proteins, including soya-bean meal (SBM), can only be included in diets for newly-weaned piglets in restricted amounts as they can induce a transient local gut hypersensitivity. This hypersensitivity may be a causative factor in post-weaning diarrhoea. The object of the current experiment was to assess whether protease treatment of SBM could reduce in vitro antigenicity of SBM and improve its nutritional value when fed to newly weaned piglets.Soya-bean meal was treated for 3 h at 50°C at 800 g water / kg. Treatment was carried out at pH 4.5 without and with lg protease P2 (Finnfeeds International Ltd) / kg soya-bean meal dry matter (DM). Treated SBM was neutralised and dried at 65°C before inclusion into diets. The diets were formulated to contain 14.5 MJ Digestible Energy (DE), 190 g crude protein (CP) and 12 g total lysine / kg.

Electron microscopic study of the membrane glycoproteins in the rat kidney after cisplatin treatment

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 912-913
Author(s):  
S.K. Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Interstrand Cross Links ◽  
Cross Links

The proposed primary mechanism of action of the anticancer drug cisplatin (Cis-DDP) is through its interaction with DNA, mostly through DNA intrastrand cross-links or DNA interstrand cross-links. DNA repair mechanisms can circumvent this arrest thus permitting replication and transcription to proceed. Various membrane transport enzymes have also been demonstrated to be effected by cisplatin. Glycoprotein alkaline phosphatase was looked at in the proximal tubule cells before and after cisplatin both in vivo and in vitro for its inactivation or its removal from the membrane using light and electron microscopy.Outbred male Swiss Webster (Crl: (WI) BR) rats weighing 150-250g were given ip injections of cisplatin (7mg/kg). Animals were killed on day 3 and day 5. Thick slices (20-50.um) of kidney tissue from treated and untreated animals were fixed in 1% buffered glutaraldehyde and 1% formaldehyde (0.05 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.3) for 30 min at 4°C. Alkaline phosphatase activity and carbohydrates were demonstrated according to methods described earlier.

Structural integrity after cold storage of human epidermal model in hypothermosol: A correlative ultrastructural and fluorescent assay

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
Henry H. Eichelberger ◽  
John G. Baust ◽  
Robert G. Van Buskirk
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Sodium Cacodylate ◽  
Ruthenium Tetroxide ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Before And After

For research in cell differentiation and in vitro toxicology it is essential to provide a natural state of cell structure as a benchmark for interpreting results. Hypothermosol (Cryomedical Sciences, Rockville, MD) has proven useful in insuring the viability of synthetic human epidermis during cold-storage and in maintaining the epidermis’ ability to continue to differentiate following warming.Human epidermal equivalent, EpiDerm (MatTek Corporation, Ashland, MA) consisting of fully differentiated stratified human epidermal cells were grown on a microporous membrane. EpiDerm samples were fixed before and after cold-storage (4°C) for 5 days in Hypothermosol or skin culture media (MatTek Corporation) and allowed to recover for 7 days at 37°C. EpiDerm samples were fixed 1 hour in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2). A secondary fixation with 0.2% ruthenium tetroxide (Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA) in sodium cacodylate was carried out for 3 hours at 4°C. Other samples were similarly fixed, but with 1% Osmium tetroxide in place of ruthenium tetroxide. Samples were dehydrated through a graded acetone series, infiltrated with Spurrs resin (Polysciences Inc.) and polymerized at 70°C.

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