Reproductive rhythm and litter weaning age as they affect rabbit doe performance and body energy balance

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Xiccato ◽  
A. Trocino ◽  
C. Boiti ◽  
G. Brecchia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Mating Interval ◽  
Body Energy

Abstract One hundred and twenty multiparous does were synchronized to give birth the same day (initial kindling). The trial lasted until the successive (final) kindling. Immediately following initial kindling, 22 does were selected for comparative slaughter. The remaining does were assigned to three reproductive rhythms and mated 2 (R2), 11 (R11) or 26 (R26) days post partum. Within each rhythm, the does were further divided into two groups with litters weaned at 21 (W21) or 25 (W25) days of age. A total of 54 does were pregnant and were slaughtered soon after final kindling. By increasing the kindling-to-mating interval from 2 to 26 days, total milk production was increased (5590 to 6065 g for R2 and R26, respectively;P< 0·05); voluntary food intake during lactation was not affected (356 g/day on average), but during the dry period was reduced (182 to 169 g/day;P< 0·05) in this way accounting for a decrease during the experimental period on the whole (299 to 249 g/day;P< 0·01). At the final kindling, the number of kits born per litter was lower in does submitted to the R11 than to the R26 rhythm (P< 0·01). By increasing the kindling-to-mating interval, doe body water concentration decreased, while fat and energy increased (P< 0·01) and higher empty body gain was recorded (from −123 to −4, and to +97 g, in R2, R11 and R26 does, respectively;P< 0·001). As a result, body protein, fat and energy balances changed from negative values to approach equilibrium as reproductive rhythm became extensive (energy balance: −0·14, −0·02 and +0·01 of the initial body content in R2, R11 and R26 does, respectively;P< 0·001). At 28 days after kindling, blood leptin concentration was higher (P< 0·01) and IGF-1 lower (P< 0·05) in R26 does. Daily food intake throughout the experiment was lower (P< 0·05) in W21 does due to the longer dry period. Increasing weaning age from 21 to 25 days increased both number of kits born alive per litter (from 7·4 to 9·6;P< 0·05) and doe body water concentration, while body energy tended to decrease (P< 0·1). At 28 days after kindling lower blood leptin concentration was recorded in W21 than W25 does (1·87 v. 2·76 μg/l,P< 0·05).

scholarly journals New and simple equations to estimate the energy and fat contents and energy density of humans in sickness and health

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Sutcliffe ◽  
Grant S. Knight ◽  
Jaime C. Pinilla ◽  
Graham L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

Two formulas were derived to estimate the energy content of the human body which use only body mass, total body water by 3H2O dilution space and body minerals assessed by anthropometry. The formulas were tested in a body composition database of 561 patients and 151 normal volunteers using established metabolizable energy values for protein, fat and glycogen. Total body protein was determined by in vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA), body water by dilution of tritium and body minerals from skeletal frame size. Body glycogen was assumed to be 14.6 % of the mineral component. Body fat was obtained by difference, body mass less the sum of water, protein, minerals and glycogen. The standard deviation in the estimate of body energy content was 30 MJ or 4.1 % of the energy content of reference man. Two formulas for body energy content were derived by regression with body mass, total body water and body minerals or height. Two formulas for energy density and formulas for percentage body fat were similarly derived.

Genetic evaluation of dairy bulls for energy balance traits using random regression

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Coffey ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
S. Brotherstone
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Body Energy

AbstractCurrent selection objectives for dairy cattle breeding may be favouring cows that are genetically predisposed to mobilize body tissue. This may have consequences for fertility since cows may resume reproductive activity only once the nadir of negative energy balance (NEB) has passed. In this study, we repeatedly measured food intake, live weight, milk yield and condition score of Holstein cattle in their first lactation. They were given either a high concentrate or low concentrate diet and were either selected or control animals for genetic merit for kg milk fat plus milk protein. Orthogonal polynomials were used to model each trait over time and random regression techniques allowed curves to vary between animals at both the genetic and the permanent environmental levels. Breeding values for bulls were calculated for each trait for each day of lactation. Estimates of genetic merit for energy balance were calculated from combined breeding values for either (1) food intake and milk yield output, or (2) live weight and condition-score changes.When estimated from daily fluxes of energy calculated from food intake and milk output, the average genetic merit of bulls for energy balance was approximately -15 MJ/day in early lactation. It became positive at about day 40 and rose to +18 MJ/day at approximately day 150. When estimated from body energy state changes the NEB in early lactation was also -15 MJ/day. It became positive at about day 80 and then rose to a peak of +10 MJ/day. The difference between the two methods may arise either because of the contribution of food wastage to intake measures or through inadequate predictions of body lipid from equations using live weight and condition score or a combination of both. Body energy mobilized in early lactation was not fully recovered until day 200 of lactation. The results suggest that energy balance may be estimated from changes in body energy state that can be calculated from body weight and condition score. Since body weight can be predicted from linear type measures, it may be possible to calculate breeding values for energy balance from national evaluations for production and type. Energy balance may be more suitable as a breeding objective than persistency.

Effects of selected antidepressants on food intake and body energy balance in rats

Appetite ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
G. Bautz ◽  
N. Spirt ◽  
D. Citerone ◽  
L.A. Campfield
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Energy

Lesion of central nucleus of amygdala promotes fat gain without preventing effect of exercise on energy balance

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (4) ◽  
pp. R781-R786 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bovetto ◽  
D. Richard
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Exercise Training Program ◽  
Balance Exercise ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Intact Rats

Male Wistar rats with intact or lesioned central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) were kept at rest or subjected to a treadmill running program for 21 consecutive days. Food intake and body weight were monitored throughout the exercise training program. At the end of the program, rats were killed and their carcasses processed for analysis of the contents in energy, fat, and protein. Exercise and CeA lesions induced opposite effects on energy balance; exercise delayed gains in body energy and fat, whereas CeA lesions promoted them. Total energy intake was lower in exercised rats than in sedentary ones over the 12 and 24 h that followed exercise. Food intake was higher in lesioned rats than in intact animals over the second half of the 12-h period that followed exercise. There was no interaction effect of exercise and CeA lesions on energy balance and intake and on body composition. Plasma levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone and corticosterone were higher in exercised rats than in sedentary ones, but there was no difference between lesioned and intact rats. This study, as well as confirming the effect of exercise on energy balance, indicates that CeA lesions may promote energy deposition in rats. Above all the present results provide evidence that CeA does not represent a necessary neuroanatomic structure in the effect of exercise on energy balance.

Reducing or eliminating the dry period of dairy cows

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Dairy Farmers

This review considers the research that has been conducted recently on reducing the length of the dry period of dairy cows, with particular emphasis on the effects of eliminating the dry period altogether. Milk yield in the subsequent lactation is reduced by up to 25%, but this loss is offset to some degree by the milk produced when cows would otherwise be dry. The lower subsequent milk yield in cows continuously milked is most likely to be a consequence of changes in the mammary gland during late gestation rather than insufficient feed or body condition to maintain milk synthesis. Shortening or eliminating the dry period may result in a lower incidence of metabolic problems post-partum, and a reduced negative energy balance in early lactation due to the maintenance of dietary intake while milk yields and body condition loss are reduced. The reductions in both body condition loss and negative energy balance may have a beneficial influence on reproductive performance. However, it is concluded that more research, particularly with cows that graze pasture during lactation, together with an economic appraisal, is needed before it could be recommended that Australian dairy farmers change their current dry period practices, particularly if continuous milking was to be considered.

Effect of parity order and litter weaning age on the performance and body energy balance of rabbit does

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Xiccato ◽  
Angela Trocino ◽  
A. Sartori ◽  
P.I. Queaque
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Body Energy

Estimation of genetic variation in plasma leptin concentrations in pre-pubertal heifers

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 44-44
Author(s):  
M.D. Royal ◽  
A.P.F. Flint ◽  
R. Webb ◽  
D Blache ◽  
J.A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Health And Well Being

Leptin is involved in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure and whole body energy balance. In livestock species these processes are important for optimisation of growth, reproduction, lactation and overall health and well-being. Condition score is a useful indicator of energy balance and is highly correlated (-0.84) genetically to commencement of luteal activity (CLA), an endocrine measurement of fertility in dairy cattle (Royal et al., submitted). Circulating leptin levels drop post-partum reflecting changes in energy balance and fat mobilisation. The interval to first ovulation post-partum is phenotypically correlated (0.83) to the interval from parturition to the leptin nadir (Kadokawa et al. 2000), suggesting that a delay in the recovery of leptin secretion postpartum increases the delay to first ovulation. The heritability of circulating leptin concentrations in humans and pigs is high (0.39-0.61; Cameron et al., 2000; Rotimi et al., 1997). If this were also the case in cattle, and postpartum changes were related to concentrations at an early age, then it would be of immense value to the genetic improvement of traits associated with fertility.

196-LB: Synergetic and Distinct Roles in the Control of Food Intake and Energy Balance for Subpopulations of NTS Neurons

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 196-LB
Author(s):  
WENWEN C. CHENG ◽  
ERMELINDA NDOKA ◽  
BASMA MAERZ ◽  
KAREN J. ROELOFS ◽  
CHRISTOPHER J. RHODES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake
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