scholarly journals Water consumption by rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) stags as influenced by different types of food

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Yape Kii ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractDuring winter in southern Queensland, eight rusa deer stags aged 4 years were given ad libitum lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay and confined in individual metabolism pens for 26 days. Stags ate 2·04 kg dry matter (DM) per day and drank 6·4 kg water per day, while the drinking water: food DM ratio was 3·3 l/kg. In experiment 2, seven rusa stags were given ad libitum lucerne hay or oaten (Avena spp.) hay with or without barley grain supplementation (200 g/day) for 56 days (four periods). This experiment was conducted from 26 July to 19 September 2001, when the stags were exhibiting the behaviour characteristic of the rut. Rusa stags ate 1·19 and 1·17 kg DM per day of lucerne and oaten hay respectively. Rusa stags given oaten hay drank slightly more water than those that received lucerne hay (5·34 and 4·47 kg/day, respectively). The drinking water: food DM ratios were 3·81 and 4·67 kg/kg for lucerne and oaten hay, respectively. Barley grain supplementation (200 g/day) had no influence on total food or water intakes of the rusa stags.

The food intake and growth of Australian feral cross Angora kids when fed whole grain barley-lupins diets with three levels of roughage intake

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (124) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Basal Ration

Kids six months old and of mean liveweight 22 kg were offered a basal ration of barley and lupins (crude protein 15 .4%) supplemented with three levels of chopped hay (0, 13% of total intake and ad libitum). Supplementation of the basal ration with 13% hay increased total dry matter intake from 479 to 753 g/d (P< 0.001) and liveweight gain from 10 to 54 g/d (P<0 .01). Non-significant increases in total food intake and liveweight gains were achieved by supplementing with ad libitum hay; kids fed ad libitum hay actually consumed 26.9% of their diet as hay. They were then offered various mixtures of barley, oats and lupins with 13% chopped hay at near ad libitum feeding. Differences in intake or growth were not significant at P= 0.05 with kids growing at 74, 65 and 101 g/d for those fed barley, oats and lupins respectively. Results indicate that highest food intake was obtained when 13% chopped hay was added to whole barley grain rations.

Effects of cottonseed meal and cereal grain supplements on intake and utilisation of alkali-treated wheat straw by cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
JC Spragg ◽  
RC Kellaway ◽  
TJ Kempton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum

Effects of cottonseed meal and cereal grain supplements on intake and utilisation of alkali-treated wheat straw were studied with 45 Friesian heifers (250 kg liveweight) in individual pens. Responses were measured in terms of feed intake and growth rate over 60 days. The basal diet fed ad libitum was coarsely milled wheat straw which was alkali-treated, sprayed with a solution containing urea, sulfur, copper and cobalt and sprinkled with dicalcium phosphate. Animals were also fed 800 g/day of 1 of 5 supplements: cottonseed meal (CSM), whole barley (WB), cracked barley (CB), ammonia-treated whole barley (NB) and extruded barley (EB). Intakes of the basal diet did not differ significantly between groups. Digestible organic matter in dry matter (%) was 53.1, 51.7, 47.2, 47.7, and 48.7 with supplements CSM, CB, WB, NB and EB, respectively; values for CSM and CB were significantly higher than for the other supplements (P< 0.05). Liveweight gains were 891,761,639, 657 and 784 g/day with the respective supplements, and did not differ significantly between CSM, CB and EB. We concluded that CSM did not stimulate intake of roughage more than supplements of barley grain, and that growth of the cattle was limited primarily by intake of energy.

EFFECT OF BARLEY SUPPLEMENT TO THE RATION OF DONOR ANIMALS USED IN IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY DETERMINATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. CALDER
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Ad Libitum

Rumen fluid from two sheep was used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibilities of 25 samples each from alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) and barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.). The sheep were fed either a good quality hay ad libitum and 1 kg rolled barley per day, or only the hay ad libitum, in a switchback design. The in vitro dry matter digestibilities of both alfalfa hay and barley were lower (P < 0.01) when the donor animal was fed hay and barley than when fed only hay.

The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Ternouth ◽  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
A. W. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Ad Libitum

Thirty-two British Friesian calves were individually offered milk substitutes ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. The milks were reconstituted to contain 170, 200, 230 or 260 g dry matter (DM) per kg, using spray-dried skim milk powder and homogenized fat-filled powder containing 500 g fat per kg. Drinking water was available ad libitum at all times. The last two blocks of four calves were used to measure the digestibility, absorption and retention of the constituents of the diets at 2, 6 and 11 weeks of age.The DM intakes of the calves given the four diets were variable but generally increased with increasing DM concentration, mean values being 61·5, 59·5, 66·0 and 73·3 g DM per kg M0.75. As the calves increased in age, their intakes decreased from 67·3 g DM per kg M0.75 at 2 weeks of age to 61·1 g DM per kg M0.75 at 8 weeks of age.The higher DM concentrations and intakes were associated with the higher rates of weight gain; the mean live weights at 12 weeks of age being 121·8, 123·9, 135·3 and 141·6 kg for the calves offered milks reconstituted at 170, 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg respectively.The concentration of the DM had no effect upon the coefficients of digestion or absorption nor on the retention of energy, protein, calcium or phosphorus. The digestibility of protein increased, whilst the absorption and retention of Ca and P declined with age.Intake of drinking water did not change with age, but was higher for calves given the milk containing 260 g DM per kg than for those given the other three concentrations. The total water intakes were similar for the calves given milks containing 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg.The linear relationship of DM intake to DM concentration of the milk substitute suggested a lower level of intake in the present experiment, than was observed in a previous experiment (Ternouth, Stobo, Roy and Beattie, 1985b) when the milk concentrations were lower and drinking water was not available. When the concentrations of the DM were re-calculated to take into account the quantity of drinking water consumed, the relationships between DM intake and adjusted DM concentration for the two experiments were similar.

scholarly journals Effects of replacing different proportions of barley grain by rye grain on performance of growing and finishing dairy bulls

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arto Kalevi Huuskonen ◽  
Maiju Pesonen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dairy Bulls

The objective was to study the effects of partial replacement of barley grain by rye grain on dry matter (DM) intake and growth performance of growing bulls. The experiment was conducted using 80 dairy bulls which were fed total mixed rations ad libitum. The rations included grass silage (500 g kg-1 DM) and concentrate (500 g kg-1 DM). Four different experimental concentrate mixtures included rye at 0, 150, 300 and 450 g kg-1 DM. The average daily DM and metabolisable energy intakes of the bulls were 10.9 kg d-1 and 127 MJ d-1, respectively. There were no differences in DM, energy or nutrient intakes among the treatments. The average live weight gain and carcass gain of the bulls were 1543 and 832 g d-1, respectively, and rye inclusion had no effects on growth. There were no significant differences in feed conversion or carcass characteristics among the treatments. It can be concluded that rye grain is a suitable energy supplement with good quality silage for growing dairy bulls.

scholarly journals Effect of water restriction and sodium levels in the drinking water on broiler performance during the first week of life

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2167-2173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Eduardo Cura Castro ◽  
Antônio Mário Penz Júnior ◽  
Andréa Machado Leal Ribeiro ◽  
André Fischer Sbrissia
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Broiler Performance

A trial was carried out to evaluate the performance of female ROSS 308 broilers, from 1 to 21 days of age, submitted to 20% of water restriction (WR) or ad libitum water and four different sodium levels by adding NaCl to the drinking water (0, 150, 300, or 450 ppm) from 1 to 7 days of age. A control group, with four replications (rep), housed one day before the beginning of the experiment, was used as reference for WR calculation. Two commercial diets where fed from 1 to 7 days and from 8 to 21 days to all birds. The chicks were raised in battery cages. A randomized complete design, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, with four replications/treatment and 14 birds/replicate, was applied. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the first week were influenced by WR. During this period, there was a significant interaction between factors, showing that in chicks not submitted to WR, water consumption increased with sodium levels. Also, at 7 days of age, excreta and carcass dry matter contents were higher in WR animals. During the second week, WR continued to affect FI, but the previously WR broilers presented better FCR, higher WG, and water consumption than the non-WR broilers. Mortality was not affected either by WR or sodium levels. At 21 days of age, except for FI, no significant differences were observed between restricted and non-restricted birds. Sodium levels up to 450 ppm were not toxic to the birds. These results suggested that if optimal conditions are offered, broilers quickly overcome unfavorable circumstances to their growth.

The utilization of whole and rolled cereals by ewes

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Vipond ◽  
E. A. Hunter ◽  
Margaret E. King
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTTwo trials were undertaken to investigate the effect of rolling on the digestibility of barley and oat supplements offered to pregnant ewes at 0·43 kg dry matter per day. In the first trial, with ewes given a basal diet of grass silage ad libitum, rolling barley improved the apparent dry matter digestibility of the diet by 0·036 (s.e. 0·0115) and reduced the excretion of whole grains from 0·127 (s.e. 0·0190) of grain fed to almost nil. Method of storage (dried or treated with propionic acid) had no effect on utilization of whole or rolled barley. Grain excretion was lower with whole oats 0·049 (s.e. 0·0147) than with whole barley. In the second experiment, basal diets containing hay or roots ad libitum were supplemented with whole or rolled barley and oats. Excretion of whole grains was very low on the root-based diets and amounted to only 0·047 (s.e. 0·0177) for the whole barley and hay diet. Excretion of whole grains varied between animals and was shown to be a characteristic of the animal. It was concluded that in most situations grain should be given whole to ewes but that it may be advantageous to roll barley when it is given with silage.

scholarly journals WATER RESTRICTION FOR SHEEP ON PASTURE AND RATE OF CONSUMPTION WITH OTHER FEEDS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Calder ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
One Year ◽  
Stocking Rates

Two experiments were conducted with sheep to determine their water consumption while grazing good pasture in a temperate climate. Similar sheep were restricted to one-half the amount consumed by those provided water ad libitum, while others were not provided with drinking water. Ewes with single lambs at two stocking rates were used one year and weaned lambs the following year. In both experiments the lambs survived on pasture without supplementary water and gained almost as well as those supplied with limited water or ad libitum water. Increasing the stocking rate reduced weight gains by lambs and ewes more than did the lack of a water supply. Weight changes indicated that lactating ewes on adequate pasture suffered more from the lack of water than did the lambs.The water consumed by wethers was recorded during the collection periods of 111 individual digestibility determinations of a variety of feeds. When dry feeds were fed the wethers consumed a total water to dry matter ratio of 2.5:1. When silage was fed the ratio increased to 3.3:1 and with frozen pasture herbage the ratio was 4.9:1. There was a significant positive correlation between dry-matter intake and both free and total water consumption with all feeds except the frozen herbage, indicating that the frozen herbage contained more water than was required by the animals.

Energy values of whole lucerne (Medicago sativa) and of its stem and leaf fractions in immature and fully grown sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Margan ◽  
NM Graham ◽  
TW Searle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Chopped lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) and a stem fraction derived from it were fed to two adult and two immature wethers ad libitum and at a level near maintenance. Energy, nitrogen, and carbon balances were measured during feeding and fasting. The hay contained 17% crude protein and 46% cell wall constituents (dry matter basis) and the stem, which was 53% of the total, contained 10% crude protein and 64% cell wall. Voluntary dry matter consumption rates of the hay (per kg 3/4) were 103 and 145 g/day by the adults and immatures, respectively; the corresponding values for the stem were 73 and 100 g/day. Maximum daily energy balances were 290-3 16 kJ/kg3/4 for the hay and approximately maintenance for the stem. With both ad libitum and restricted feeding, energy digestibility was higher for the hay (56- 63%) than for the stem fraction (45-51%). The metabolizable fraction of digestible energy was 78% at the low and 82% at the high level of feeding and tended to be greater with the stem than with the hay. At the lower feed intake, metabolizable energy was about 10 and 8 MJ/kg organic matter for whole lucerne and stem respectively. Net availability of metabolizable energy was 64 and 49% for maintenance and gain on the hay, compared with 53 and 34% on the stem. As estimated by difference, the energy values of leaf were: digestible energy, 76%; metabolizable energy, 77% of digestible energy or 12.4 MJ/kg organic matter; net availability of metabolizable energy, 78% for maintenance and 60% for gain. All these figures are for the adult sheep; the immature animals gave values that were lower to various degrees. Consideration of the present results together with published data for other samples of lucerne suggests that the use of equations based on study of grasses to predict the energy values of lucerne is likely to introduce significant bias. Equations for this limited set of data on lucerne are given, gross energy being related to crude protein content, metabolizable energy to crude fibre and net availability of metabolizable energy to metabolizable energy content.

Performans Sapi Yang Diberi Panicum maximum Teramoniasi dan Suplementasi UGB

Jurnal MIPA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
C. L. Kaunang ◽  
S. Sane ◽  
E. Pudjihastuti
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Ad Libitum

Pakan lokal berupa hijauan Panicum maximum (rumput Benggala) dan jerami jagung merupakan hijauan yang tersedia sepanjang tahun dalam jumlah yang cukup besar tetapi mempunyai kendala, yaitu rendahnya nilai nutrisi dan nilai biologisnya. Dengan teknologi amoniasi diharapkan pakan hijauan tersebut dapat meningkat kualitasnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari performans sapi yang diberi UGB, rumput Benggala dan jerami jagung yang teramoniasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Paniki I Manado, selama 3 bulan. Ternak yang digunakan terdiri dari 16 ekor sapi jantan lokal. Hijauan yang digunakan yaitu rumput Benggala dan jerami jagung. Pakan tambahan UGB diberikan secara konstan sebanyak 500 gr/ekor/hari dan air minum diberikan secara ad libitum. Ransum perlakuan yang diberikan : R0; R1; R2; R3. Variable yang diamati yaitu konsumsi bahan kering, pertambahan bobot badan harian dan status metabolis darah. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan RAK. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah perlakuan R3 memberikan performans yang optimal pada sapi yang diberi Panicum maximum (rumput Benggala) dan suplementasi UGBLocal feed in the form of forage Panicum maximum (Bengal grass) and corn straw is a forage that is available throughout the year in large enough quantities but has obstacles, namely the low nutritional value and biological value. With ammoniation technology, it is expected that the forage feed can improve its quality. The purpose of this study was to observe the performance of cows fed with UGBs, Bengal grass and ammoniated corn straw. This research was conducted in Paniki I Village Manado, for 3 months. The cattle used consisted of 16 local bulls. The enclosures used are 2 x 3 x 3m individual cages. Forages used are Bengal grass and corn straw. Additional UGB feed is constantly given as much as 500 gr / head / day and drinking water is given ad libitum. Ration of treatment given: R0; R1;R2. Variables observed were dry matter consumption, daily weight gain and blood metabolic status. The data obtained were analyzed using RCBD with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The conclusion obtained from this study is that R3 treatment provides optimal performance in cattle fed Panicum maximum (Bengal grass) and UGB supplementation

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