A two-level grammar of the reduction processes of French complex terms in discourse

Terminology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Collet
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Descriptive Grammar ◽  
Main Building ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Semantic Properties

The aim of this paper is to offer an outline of a descriptive grammar — as yet unfinished — of two reduction processes, namely elliptic anaphor and lexical elision, which delete constituents of reiterated complex terms in French LSP texts. After an examination of these reduction processes and the term variants they generate, the paper presents the main building blocks of the grammar. The architecture of these building blocks, i.e. of the deep and surface structure rules which constitute the two levels of the grammar, is derived from the structural and semantic properties of French complex terms. The ordering of the rules in the grammar, on the other hand, is based on characteristics of elliptic anaphor and lexical elision as well as on properties of the term variants produced by these context-conditioned transformations.

Réflexions Sur la Théorie de L'article de Gustave Guillaume

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-151
Author(s):  
Stanislaw Karolak
Keyword(s):  
Functional Calculus ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Applied Method ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Semantic Properties

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the theory of the French article presented in the classical work by Guillaume "Le problème de l'article et sa solution dans la langue française". The paper emphasizes Guillaume's search for the semantic nature of the relationships determining the distribution of articles. The paper supports Guillaume, who seems to claim, contrary to what is commonly believed, that the function of the articles is non inherent in them, but that it is determined by the semantic properties of the nouns which select them. Treating this claim as the starting point, the paper focuses on the analysis of various senses of noun phrases, carried out in terms of the functional calculus. The applied method invalidates the extensional theory of the noun accepted by Guillaume, as well as a number of generalisations made by him. The paper shows logical and semantic conditions of some rules governing the use of the article. They differ from those proposed by Guillaume in that they seem to reach a deeper level of linguistic mechanisms. On the other hand, the emphasis is laid on Guillaume's subtle analysis and detailed observations, which stand in a sharp contrast to his rather vague generalizations.

Negative Predicates

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Jacques Moeschler
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Metalinguistic Negation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Negative Feature ◽  
Language Needs ◽  
Semantic Properties

The main goal of this chapter is to explain why natural language needs negative predicates to express negative contents. In contrast with syntactic negation, negative predicates exhibit some semantic properties, which are not expressed syntactically: they are complete semantically, restricted to lexical categories, and encode a negative feature. On the other hand, negative predicates are motivated pragmatically: they are stronger statements than syntactic negation; they realize, under syntactic negation, mitigated assertions; they cannot express metalinguistic negation, as syntactic negation does. One relevant semantic proposal (Horn 1989) is the distinction between two negation operators: ¬, realized syntactically, and ©, realized lexically. This chapter does not only give arguments supporting these properties, but also provides an explicit account of the relation between syntactic negation and negative predicates.

scholarly journals سيميائيَّة الغياب في ديوان "ما تلاه عليّ الغياب" دراسة في ضوء سيميائيَّة الأهواء

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-199
Author(s):  
Alreem M Alfawaz Alreem M Alfawaz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Semiotic Approach

T he semiotic approach is based on the assumption that the text includes a surface structure and a deep structure. Analyzing the two structures looks at the relations between the two. As for the objective behind the semiotic approach it is the uncovering of the relations that link the hidden implications of the text by following the development of meaning. On the other hand, the semiotics of emotions is a branch of general semiotics. Emotion is what semiotics analyzes to know its role in the creative text. In the collection of poems discussed here it is absence that played a role in the formation of the emotion of sadness: the absence of people or specific attitudes. Sadness is seen as preceding the ways meaning reveals itself and also as an agent in their production

scholarly journals The Doctrinal Complication in Al-Ash'ari’s Doctrine and its Role in Managing the Doctrinal Disputes

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ararou
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
General Rules ◽  
The One

This research aims to clarify the concept of doctrinal rules and adjust its basic terminologies. It further aims to lay down a map for the method of rooting this science by mentioning its rooted sources, in addition to drawing a miniature picture of its history, origin, formation and development. The paper ends with practical models to highlight its importance in rooting the science of nodal rules and facilitating the mentioning of its scattered discussions in a short and comprehensive phrase. The study further illustrates the pioneering role of doctrinal rules science in managing the doctrinal disputes, combining multiple sayings, and in bringing together opposing opinions. The study follows the inductive, descriptive and analytical approach. The importance of the research topic lies in the fact that it tackles something that has not yet been widely examined. Thus, researching such a topic is considered a new thing due to the scarcity of what has been written on it, on the one hand. On the other hand, the topic is serious as it talks about the Contractual Rules, which have not gained sufficient research among the applicants. Besides, what has been so far written on the doctrinal rules is related to the chapters of the doctrine and its general discussions; a matter which is similar to Al-Ghazali’s rules of beliefs. No allocation was dedicated to its contractual aspect. Accordingly, the present research is one of the important building blocks of the doctrinal lesson, as it is related to inferencing the science of belief and collecting its dispersed discussions under general rules in an

scholarly journals Influence of sub- and super-solar metallicities on the composition of solid planetary building blocks

2019 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. A10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Bitsch ◽  
Chiara Battistini
Keyword(s):  
Planet Formation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Model ◽  
Stellar Abundances ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Iron Abundance ◽  
Ice Content ◽  
Ice Fraction

The composition of the protoplanetary disc is thought to be linked to the composition of the host star, where a higher overall metallicity provides the building blocks for planets. However, most of the planet formation simulations only link the stellar iron abundance [Fe/H] to planet formation and the iron abundance in itself is used as a proxy to scale all elements. On the other hand, large surveys of stellar abundances show that this is not true. Here we use stellar abundances from the GALAH surveys to determine the average detailed abundances of Fe, Si, Mg, O, and C for a broad range of host star metallicities with [Fe/H] spanning from −0.4 to +0.4. Using an equilibrium chemical model that features the most important rock-forming compounds as well as volatile contributions of H2O, CO2, CH4, and CO, we calculate the chemical composition of solid planetary building blocks around stars with different metallicities. Solid building blocks that are formed entirely interior to the water ice line (T > 150 K) only show an increase in Mg2SiO4 and a decrease in MgSiO3 for increasing host star metallicity, which is related to the increase of [Mg/Si] for higher [Fe/H]. Solid planetary building blocks forming exterior to the water ice line (T < 150 K), on the other hand, show dramatic changes in their composition. In particular, the water ice content decreases from around ~50% at [Fe/H] = −0.4 to ~6% at [Fe/H] = 0.4 in our chemical model. This is mainly caused by the increasing C/O ratio with increasing [Fe/H], which binds most of the oxygen in gaseous CO and CO2, resulting in a small water ice fraction. Planet formation simulations coupled with the chemical model confirm these results by showing that the water ice content of super-Earths decreases with increasing host star metallicity due to the increased C/O ratio. This decrease of the water ice fraction has important consequences for planet formation, planetary composition, and the eventual habitability of planetary systems formed around these high-metallicity stars.

Linguistisches und Stilistisches zum Hendiadyoin

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald Panagl
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Individual Style

SummaryThis paper deals with the syntactic and semantic properties of the so-called ‘hendiadyoin’ as well as with its value as a stylistic and rhetoric figure. Apart from its qualities as a specimen of pleonasm and abundancy, the hendiadyoin likewise serves as a tool to compensate the relative weakness of Latin to create nominal compounds, especially of determinative type. Casting a glance on the history of the Latin language and on the development of the individual style of some Latin authors, we can make remarkable observations. Whereas the figure is rather rare in early Latin, classical writers and poets give preference to it. Whereas, on the other hand, Cicero in his first texts prefers the combination of substantives with adjective attributes, he likes the hendiadyoin pattern very much in his mature speeches and dialogues.

scholarly journals Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Alkenyl sp2 C–H Activation: A Short Account

Synthesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (05) ◽  
pp. 1049-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manikantha Maraswami ◽  
Teck-Peng Loh
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
Transition Metal Catalysts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Metal Catalyzed

Alkenes are ubiquitous in Nature and their functionalization continues to attract attention from the scientific community. On the other hand, activation of alkenyl sp2 C–H bonds is challenging due to their chemical properties. In this short account, we elucidate, discuss and describe the utilization of transition-metal catalysts in alkene activation and provide useful strategies to synthesize organic building blocks in an efficient and sustainable manner.1 Introduction2 Breakthrough3 Controlling E/Z, Z/E Selectivity3.1 Esters and Amides as Directing Groups3.2 The Chelation versus Non-Chelation Concept4 Other Alkene Derivatives5 Intramolecular C–H Activation6 Conclusion and Future Projects

Allenes: Versatile Building Blocks in cobalt-catalyzed C-H Activation

Synlett ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Volla ◽  
Rahul Shukla ◽  
Akshay Nair
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lewis Acidity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Leaving Group ◽  
Widespread Interest

The unique reactivity of allenes have led to their emergence as resourceful coupling partners in transition metal mediated C-H activation reactions. On the other hand, cobalt due to its wide abundance and higher Lewis acidity is garnering widespread interest as useful catalyst for C-H activation. Summarised herein are the cobalt-catalyzed C-H activations engaging allenes as coupling partners followed by our studies on Co(III)-catalyzed C-8 dienylation of quinoline N-oxides with allenes bearing leaving group at α-position for realizing a dienylation protocol.

On a multifunctional derivational affix: Its use in relational adjectives or nominal modification and phrasal affixation in Hungarian

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Kenesei
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Conceptual Semantic ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Referential Expressions ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Referential Function ◽  
Semantic Properties

The -i derivative affix is an old conundrum in the grammar of Hungarian. It is regularly classified as a fully productive affix deriving adjectives from nouns of various semantic properties including geographical and proper names. It is usually also claimed that it can occur on postpositions and some adverbials, but since these are closed classes the use of the affix in these cases is not productive. We challenge the accepted wisdom and argue that the affix is productive across the board and the meanings its derivatives represent are highly predictable. Canonical adjectives have a number of characteristics that these derivative adjectives do not, which suggests that the latter are an alternative to modification by noun, rather than adjectives proper. On the other hand, i-affixation can take referential noun phrases as its base, a phenomenon found in other morphological processes in this language, as well as in other languages. Referential adjectives based on inherently referential expressions, proper names in particular, can carry over the referential function in a conceptual-semantic, though not in a syntactic sense. I-modifiers work much the same way in Hungarian, but there are also differences, as shown in relation to result nominals as well as complex event nominals.

Propositional logic

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Hedman
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Propositional Logic ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
English Word ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Women ◽  
Truth Values ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
The Relationship

In propositional logic, atomic formulas are propositions. Any assertion will do. For example, . . . A = “Aristotle is dead,” B = “Barcelona is on the Seine,” and C = “Courtney Love is tall” . . . are atomic formulas. Atomic formulas are the building blocks used to construct sentences. In any logic, a sentence is regarded as a particular type of formula. In propositional logic, there is no distinction between these two terms. We use “formula” and “sentence” interchangeably. In propositional logic, as with all logics we study, each sentence is either true or false. A truth value of 1 or 0 is assigned to the sentence accordingly. In the above example, we may assign truth value 1 to formula A and truth value 0 to formula B. If we take proposition C literally, then its truth is debatable. Perhaps it would make more sense to allow truth values between 0 and 1. We could assign 0.75 to statement C if Miss Love is taller than 75% of American women. Fuzzy logic allows such truth values, but the classical logics we study do not. In fact, the content of the propositions is not relevant to propositional logic. Henceforth, atomic formulas are denoted only by the capital letters A, B, C,. . . (possibly with subscripts) without referring to what these propositions actually say. The veracity of these formulas does not concern us. Propositional logic is not the study of truth, but of the relationship between the truth of one statement and that of another. The language of propositional logic contains words for “not,” “and,” “or,” “implies,” and “if and only if.” These words are represented by symbols: . . . ￢ for “not,” ∧ for “and,” ∨ for “or,” → for “implies,” and ↔ for “if and only if.” . . . As is always the case when translating one language into another, this correspondence is not exact. Unlike their English counterparts, these symbols represent concepts that are precise and invariable. The meaning of an English word, on the other hand, always depends on the context.

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