Competition and cooperation

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Attardo
Keyword(s):  
Significant Information ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Gricean Pragmatics

An argument is presented for augmenting Gricean pragmatics with cognitively significant information about whether the participants in the interaction share the same goals, the same amount of information, and the degree of their awareness of both. The additions handle situations of competitive conversational exchanges, where the cooperative principle has been claimed to be inoperative, and show that cooperation underlies competitive exchanges as well. Some examples of competitive exchanges are examined, including witness cross-examination, sales pitches, propaganda, and lies.

scholarly journals Significance of the Correlation in Turn-taking Dialogues

2013 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Lourembam Surjit Singh ◽  
R.K. Brojen Singh
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Information Functions ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Radio Play ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This piece of work investigates the relation between characters in a play based on turntaking dialogues. As the dialogues are related to each other in the play, numbers of turn-taking are significant of the characters’ relationship and the utterances give indication about the information content of the interaction. In this Manipuri radio play, the sequence of turns taken by the characters convey different amount of information with different functions. Numbers of dialogues oscillate significantly with a period of 2 scenes during the play. The degree of oscillation present in turn-taking dialogues carries significant information functions. The nature of the relationship between the characters involved and the theme of the play may be characterised by calculations on turn-taking dialogues.

Electron Microscopy in the Future

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 10-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Fernández-Morán
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Interatomic Distances ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Prime Objective ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Direct Readout ◽  
Remarkable Progress

At this time of remarkable progress on all fronts, successive advances can only support the presage that we are on the threshold of a renaissance in electron microscopy. Thus, having already achieved point-to-point resolution of 2-3Å, it appears feasible to strive for the ultimate goal of direct readout of molecular and pauciatomic structures. Attainment of the requisite resolution and interpretation of phase contrast images in the range of interatomic distances would permit us to obtain significant information from the object in the hitherto inaccessible region of 1-2Å. This key domain contains such a great amount of information that achievement of 1Å resolution remains the prime objective, particularly in molecular biology.

GP and NCP

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
Guojin Hou ◽  
Qingsheng Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Theoretical Significance ◽  
Gricean Pragmatics

Abstract Despite its theoretical significance, Paul Grice’s CP, as the heart of classic and neo-Gricean pragmatics, has been a bone of contention for the last four decades for both Western and Eastern scholarship. This study addresses the contribution of four Chinese pragmaticians to the anti-CP principles: Guanlian Qian, Meizhen Liao, and Yameng Liu and Chunshen Zhu, focusing on the latter two. We briefly discuss Liao’s Goal Principle (GP) and Liu and Zhu’s Non-Cooperative Principle (NCP), which challenge Grice’s CP head-on. It points out that Liao’s GP is loaded with neo-Gricean pragmatic value as an alternative interpretation of CP but is not deemed “more applicable” as they claim, and that the NCP of Liu and Zhu, based on their CP query, sheds some light on neo-Gricean pragmatics and rhetoric, and yet calls for suspicion of their NCP as an “antistrophos/counterpart rhetoric-principle.” We maintain that cooperation in CP suggests pragma-philosophical cooperativeness or cooperationality between rational humans and that it applies to pragmatics and rhetoric alike, as well as to forensic, daily, and rhetorical utterances. It seems that so-called “non-cooperation in cooperation” or “cooperation in non-cooperation” is only logico-semantic non-cooperation, deeply rooted in the soil of pragma-philosophical cooperativeness or cooperationality.

scholarly journals LEARNING, COMPETITION AND COOPERATION IN SIMPLE GAMES

2000 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 463-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ÁNGELES R. DE CARA ◽  
ÓSCAR PLA ◽  
FRANCISCO GUINEA
Keyword(s):  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Simple Games ◽  
Minority Game ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Crowd Effect

The Minority Game was introduced to study the competition between agents with bounded rationality. As the amount of information available decreases, agents manage to arbitrage away all the information, and collective gain is then reduced. This crowd effect arises from the fact that only a minority can profit at each moment, while all agents make their choices using the same input. The properties of the model change drastically if agents make choices based on their individual histories, keeping all remaining rules unaltered. This variation reduces the intrinsic frustration of the model, and improves the tendency towards cooperation and self organization. Finally, we study the stable mixing of individual and cooperative behavior.

Statistical analysis of classification

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
T. J. Deeming
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Amount Of Information

If we make a set of measurements, such as narrow-band or multicolour photo-electric measurements, which are designed to improve a scheme of classification, and in particular if they are designed to extend the number of dimensions of classification, i.e. the number of classification parameters, then some important problems of analytical procedure arise. First, it is important not to reproduce the errors of the classification scheme which we are trying to improve. Second, when trying to extend the number of dimensions of classification we have little or nothing with which to test the validity of the new parameters.Problems similar to these have occurred in other areas of scientific research (notably psychology and education) and the branch of Statistics called Multivariate Analysis has been developed to deal with them. The techniques of this subject are largely unknown to astronomers, but, if carefully applied, they should at the very least ensure that the astronomer gets the maximum amount of information out of his data and does not waste his time looking for information which is not there. More optimistically, these techniques are potentially capable of indicating the number of classification parameters necessary and giving specific formulas for computing them, as well as pinpointing those particular measurements which are most crucial for determining the classification parameters.

Practical Realization of a Reference System for Earth Dynamics by Satellite Methods

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 341-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Anderle ◽  
M. C. Tanenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Pole Position ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Crustal Motion ◽  
Average Reference ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractObservations of artificial earth satellites provide a means of establishing an.origin, orientation, scale and control points for a coordinate system. Neither existing data nor future data are likely to provide significant information on the .001 angle between the axis of angular momentum and axis of rotation. Existing data have provided data to about .01 accuracy on the pole position and to possibly a meter on the origin of the system and for control points. The longitude origin is essentially arbitrary. While these accuracies permit acquisition of useful data on tides and polar motion through dynamio analyses, they are inadequate for determination of crustal motion or significant improvement in polar motion. The limitations arise from gravity, drag and radiation forces on the satellites as well as from instrument errors. Improvements in laser equipment and the launch of the dense LAGEOS satellite in an orbit high enough to suppress significant gravity and drag errors will permit determination of crustal motion and more accurate, higher frequency, polar motion. However, the reference frame for the results is likely to be an average reference frame defined by the observing stations, resulting in significant corrections to be determined for effects of changes in station configuration and data losses.

Stain contamination and embedding in electron microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Hilton H. Mollenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Sample Preservation ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Contrast Information

Many factors (e.g., resolution of microscope, type of tissue, and preparation of sample) affect electron microscopical images and alter the amount of information that can be retrieved from a specimen. Of interest in this report are those factors associated with the evaluation of epoxy embedded tissues. In this context, informational retrieval is dependant, in part, on the ability to “see” sample detail (e.g., contrast) and, in part, on tue quality of sample preservation. Two aspects of this problem will be discussed: 1) epoxy resins and their effect on image contrast, information retrieval, and sample preservation; and 2) the interaction between some stains commonly used for enhancing contrast and information retrieval.

The more the merrier? Effects of amount of information on overconfidence

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Tsai ◽  
Reid Hastie ◽  
Joshua Klayman
Keyword(s):  
Amount Of Information
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