The imagist approach to inferential thought patterns

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Conscious State ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Logical Thinking ◽  
Roller Coaster ◽  
Thought Patterns ◽  
Opposite View ◽  
Inferential Thinking ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Inferential Processing ◽  
Ostensive Definition

Tmagists' hold that inferential thinking is built up from combinations of sensory and sensorimotor images in various patterns and modalities, and that the images are a more basic mental and neurophysiological operation than the logical thinking and conceptualization that are built up front them. 'Computationalists' hold just the opposite view — that images result from previous inferential processing which is more basic than the images. Suppose we define inference as the kind of thought process that we actually undergo when we do logical thinking, and not in the trivial sense in which any natural phenomenon which receives an 'input' from another then 'responds' to this 'input' (as for example when a ball responds to being hit by flying off at a certain angle). And suppose we define an 'image ' as any instance of imagining what it would be like to entertain some conscious state which we are not undergoing at the time — as for example when we imagine what it would be like to see something, to ride a roller coaster or to have a headache. I. e., 'images ' can be kinaesthetic and proprioceptive s well as sensory. Then it can be shown that inferential thinking is built up from patterns of images, including importantly the imaging of rhythm patterns corresponding to logical syntax. Furthermore, the acquisition of these inference rules can also be traced to a process of trying to imagine scenarios which might serve as counterexamples to the rules, and this kind of 'imagining ' can also be explained in terms of both sensory and proprioceptive images. The reason for this is twofold: First, even the apparently 'imageless ' concepts used to imagine such scenarios (e.g., the concept 'president') consist in each case of a feeling of preparedness to entertain a pattern of images which would be appropriate to provide a directly or indirectly ostensive definition of the concept in question, and this feeling of preparedness can be sensed proprioceptively. Secondly, a concept, even if it is not experienced as involving imagery, may nonetheless occur as an element of a larger pattern whose rhythm can be imaged. This paper defends an expanded version of the imagist approach, suggesting an important pragmatic role for the proprioceptive sensing of rhythm patterns in the acquisition and use of inference skills.

Language and the subconscious

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan M Cyna ◽  
Suyin GM Tan
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Logical Thinking ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Extreme Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

Many of the communications commonly encountered in anaesthetic practice elicit subconscious responses, and, because this is so, they frequently go unrecognized. This form of communication involves verbal and non-verbal cues also known as suggestions that can elicit automatic changes in perception or behaviour. Much of this chapter is based on language structures that are thought to make subconscious changes in perception, mood or behaviour more likely, both with patients and anaesthetists themselves. Recognizing subconscious responses will facilitate communication. As is discussed later, anaesthetists can communicate with patients and colleagues in ways that utilize subconscious functioning. To all intents and purposes this looks like intuitive communication, when in reality it has structure and therefore can be learned and taught. The conscious and unconscious states are familiar to all anaesthetists. However, it is frequently unappreciated that all patients, whether in an unconscious or conscious state, will also be functioning subconsciously. In the unconscious patient it is well recognized that subconscious activities still occur—for example, in implicit awareness. Most people would appreciate that there are times during consciousness when they switch off the ‘logical brain’ and enter ‘daydream’-type thinking or they ‘tune out’. People including anaesthetists tend to function subconsciously most of the time—for example, during routine activities such as driving home on ‘autopilot’ and arriving home without realizing it consciously. The ability we all have to function automatically—that is, subconsciously—frees up the conscious part of the mind to focus on other things such as planning tomorrow’s ‘neuro’ case. The teleological basis for this ability lies in being able to filter the massive amount of information continuously presented to the individual. This allows the conscious mind to focus on what it perceives to be important—facilitating learning, logical thinking and problem solving. During activities where logical thinking is not a requirement, the subconscious comes to the fore. This is characterized by dissociation from the external environment—being ‘in your own world’. Paradoxically, at times of extreme stress, the subconscious tends to take over when the conscious part of the mind becomes so overwhelmed by external inputs it ceases to function logically.

Non-Household Populations: Implications for Measurements of Poverty Globally and in the UK

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROY CARR-HILL
Keyword(s):  
Social Care ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ostensive Definition

AbstractData from household surveys have increasingly been used as a basis for social policy. They are generally inappropriate for obtaining information about the poorest, and therefore for policies concerned with tackling poverty and deprivation. They omit certain groups by design: the homeless; those in institutions; and mobile, nomadic or pastoralist populations. In addition, in practice, they typically under-represent those in fragile, disjointed or multiple occupancy households, those in urban slums and those in areas deemed as insecure. These sub-groups constitute a pretty comprehensive, ostensive definition of the ‘poorest’.The sources of worldwide estimates of the missing populations are briefly described, with those for the UK discussed in greater detail, paying attention to their likely income and wealth. At least 250 million of the poorest of the poor are omitted worldwide; and in the UK about half a million of the poorest are missing from survey sample frames.In the UK, these ‘missing’ population sub-groups bias the analysis of income inequalities and affect the validity of formulae that have been developed for the geographical allocation of resources to health and social care.

scholarly journals LEXICAL, GRAMMATICAL AND STYLISTIC REDUNDANCY IN ENGLISH TEXT

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽  
pp. 154-156
Author(s):  
Yuliya Litkovych ◽  
Vita Sternichuk
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
English Text ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Foreign Origin ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of

Lexical, grammatical and stylistic pleonasms in contemporary English-language media discourse are analyzed in the article. The definition of pleonasms, especially their types is offered. It is outlined the peculiar features of their usage in contemporary English-language media discourse. It has been proved that the redundancy in lexical pleonasms is expressed by synonyms. It is substantiated that grammatical pleonasms arise due to suffixes, prefixes and adverbs when creating degrees of comparison of adjectives. Pleonasms in contemporary English-language media discourse are used to intensify the utterance and to influence pragmatically on the addressee. Pleonasm is an independent expressive means of language. As a permanent feature of a linguistic unit, it differs not only from the stylistic means of expressing redundancy in speech, but also from grammatical types of redundancy. The autonomy of pleonasms in a language is justified by their purpose to clarify, intensify and add different shades of the meaning of a word or any concept in order to accurately convey information to the addressee. These redundant phrases are understood as absolutely natural phenomenon in English. One of the reasons for the creation of pleonasms is insufficient transparency of one of the components and this component the word of foreign origin. Pleonasm is the result of rather complex processes of semantic development of components that are combined.

scholarly journals The sociologically acceptable definition of religion

2004 ◽  
pp. 213-240
Author(s):  
Mirko Blagojevic
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Opposite View ◽  
Definition Of Religion ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Definition Of

In this article the author has presented several important issues regarding the sociology of religion, but primarily the issue of the sociologically acceptable definition of religion both in theoretical and empirical research. Bearing in mind the sociology of religion in former Yugoslavia the author has first discussed the possibility of a general definition of the sociology of religion, but has stated the opposite view as well. Then he has dealt with the two basic approaches towards religion and two general definitions of sociology, namely substantial and functional ones. Finally the author has tried to define the religiousness in terms of sociological empirical research of human attachment to religion and church in post-socialism.

scholarly journals Wittgenstein and the Theatre of Confession

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Urszula Idziak-Smoczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Language Game ◽  
Private Language ◽  
Private Language Argument ◽  
Internal Objects ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Religion And Art ◽  
Ostensive Definition

Abstract:In this article we perform a juxtaposition of Wittgenstein’s confession with the art of drama. Our aim is to transpose the private language argument criticizing the ostensive definition of internal objects (beetle in a box thought experiment) onto confession and the art of drama performance. The play (possibly called “game”) of the actor is not an expression of his soul interior, but an autonomous necessity in the most decisive meaning – which means: the only thing to be done. Correspondingly, confession doesn’t express any interior misery – it is an acting (the double sense of this word will be further developed), the only possible acting within these conditions, the only possible response to one’s condition – a condition of mutilation where human misery appears very distinctly. Confession creates neither a relation of power (as Foucault was demonstrating in his late writings) nor a form of emotional exhibitionism but a language game consisting on words judging oneself, immune to interpretation, explanation, and vanity coming from their expression. Irreplaceable words become the agent of salvation.1 This article is the effect of great encounters that helped me – a non-Wittgensteinian – to “see” Wittgenstein perhaps more than understand his philosophy. I should first address many thanks to Dr. Ilse Somavilla who welcomed me on the beautiful roof of the Brenner Archives in Innsbruck together with its director Prof. Ulrike Tanzer (Thank you!). It is through Ilse Somavilla’s writings and archive editing work that I could engage myself and follow her on a path of reading Wittgenstein with a sensibility for religion and art. I owe also a lot of thankfulness to Prof. Alois Pichler for long lasting, repeated hospitality in the Wittgenstein Archives at the Bergen University and great patience for my plans of developing research plans about Wittgenstein in the Polish Galicia. The ability to visit these two places, Norway and Austria, have left inside myself a Wittgensteinian imagery that creates the scenography of my philosophical attempt inside this article. My research would not be possible without receiving the scholarship of the Republic of Austria OEAD for which I also express my deep gratitude. I am also very grateful to Kasia Mala for her linguistic revision of my article. And finally, what triggered this Winn-gensteinian performance were unforgettable dinners with Maja, my Mother Agata, and my son Światopełek – to say they were inspiring is not enough…

CONSEQUENCES OF THE DESCENT OF SEDIMENTARY FLOWS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RURAL SETTLEMENT OF KHABAZ ON MAY 30, 2021

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
A. KH. SHERKHOV ◽  
◽  
Z. ZH. GERGOKOVA ◽  
A. R. AKAYEV
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Rural Settlement ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Heavy Shower ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The purpose of this scientifi c study was to study the consequences of the passage of sedimentary fl ows of a heavy shower origin on the territory of the mountainous village of Khabaz,the Zolsky district of the KBR (Kabardino-Balkar Republic). The scientifi c significance of the work is a comprehensive study and description of the dangerous natural phenomenon with the definition of the nature and parameters of its manifestation. The work was done on the basis of the materials obtained during the route survey using modern methods of measurement, photo and video shooting. This article presents the results of the conducted research, which show the progressive aggravation of destructive natural processes due to current climate changes. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it is possible to develop measures and actions to reduce the risks from dangerous slope and channel processes that carry a potential threat to the territory of a rural settlement.

Emergence By Way of Dynamic Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis H. Favela ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complexity Science ◽  
Emergent Property ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Linear Dynamics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

I defend the claim that emergence is always a kind of interaction dominance. I utilize Francescotti’s (2007) definition of emergence, which captures five features typically thought crucial for emergence: downward causal influence, novelty, relationality, supervenience, and unpredictability. I then explicate interaction dominance, a concept from complexity science. In short, a system is interaction dominant when the interactions of the parts give rise to features that override the features of the parts in isolation or linked via additive and linear dynamics. Locust swarms are presented as an illustrative case of a natural phenomenon that meets the definition for emergent properties. Moreover, locust swarms provide a case of an emergent property arising via interaction-dominant dynamics. I conclude by discussing the relationship of emergence and interaction dominance, with emphasis on the claim that all emergent properties occur due to interaction dominance, but not all systems that exhibit interaction-dominant dynamics have emergent properties.

scholarly journals Students’ Worldview Attitude and Education Content Orientation

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Djasharbek U. Bidjiev ◽  
Svetlana A. Borlakova ◽  
Nadezhda P. Klushinа ◽  
Nina P. Petrova ◽  
Petr P. Pivnenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
The World ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Definition Of

<p>The idea of students’ worldview attitude application when forming educational content is proved in the article on the basis of scientific literature. In particular, it is claimed that any natural phenomenon can be comprehended, apparently, two-fold: either through its comparison to other beings or the phenomena, or through disclosure of its own unique nature. For example, studying the person "from the outside", assumes interpretation of the relations good fortune, the nature (space), society (culture), the law and other people. Approach to the secret of the person is accompanied by comprehension of his corporal, emotional, moral, spiritual and social life "from within". In many respects it depends on what methodology will be chosen by the researcher, and, the choice of methodology is connected with worldview attitude of the personality. In the publication definition of worldview attitude is given; briefly the essence of such worldviews as teocentrism, logocentrism, cosmocentrism, sociocentrism, anthropocentrism are revealed, as well as results of pilot study from students’ worldview attitude of higher education institution are presented. The obtained data demonstrate that in student's audience there are young people, with various worldview attitudes that can be used by the teacher in selecting subject content. The variety of approaches and views of natural and social processes and the phenomena allow forming an overall picture of the world in students of higher education institutions.</p>

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