Directness vs. indirectness

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Marsily
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Pragmatic Interpretation ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the cross-cultural differences between (in)direct Spanish and French request formulations, adopting a pragmatic approach. More specifically, this study focusses on pragmatic equivalences in request formulations in informal and educational contexts, in French and Spanish corpora. In order to do so, a taxonomy was developed, based on the literature and on the analysis of the Spanish and French corpora. The analysis of the data shows that, on the one hand, direct strategies are among the most frequent request formulations in both corpora and, on the other, some formulations are similar in Spanish and in French but that their pragmatic interpretation or their frequency differs.

Categorization of Videogames: Some Comments on ‘Children and Electronic Games’ by Funk, et al.

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1247-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Categorization System ◽  
Electronic Games

Comments are made on an article by Funk, et al. about children and electronic games. This author argues the cross-cultural differences and developmental effects must be taken into account and that the categorization system of videogames based on content is incomplete or too general to cover the complex actions of contemporary videogames. These factors alone may have implications for research.

Gender and National Differences in Attitudes toward Same-Gender Touch

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1027-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank N. Willis ◽  
Vicki A. Rawdon
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Same Gender

Women have been reported to be more positive about same-gender touch, but cross-cultural information about this touch is limited. Male and female students from Chile (n = 26), Spain (n = 61), Malaysia (n = 32), and the US (n = 77) completed a same-gender touch scale. As in past studies, US women had more positive scores than US men. Malaysians had more negative scores than the other three groups. Spanish and US students had more positive scores than Chilean students. National differences in attitudes toward particular types of touch were also noted. The need for new methods for examining cross-cultural differences in touch was discussed.

Why Do Easterners Have Lower Well-Being Than Westerners? The Role of Others’ Approval Contingencies of Self-Worth in the Cross-Cultural Differences in Subjective Well-Being

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hong Liu ◽  
Yi-Hsing Claire Chiu ◽  
Jen-Ho Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
The Cross

Previous studies have shown that Easterners generally perceive themselves as having lower subjective well-being compared with Westerners, and several mechanisms causing such differences have been identified. However, few studies have analyzed the causes of such differences from the perspective of the cross-cultural differences in the meanings of important life events such as whether people receive approval from others. Specifically, events regarding others’ approval might have different meanings to and influences on Easterners and Westerners. Thus, the degree of fluctuation of people’s views of self-worth in response to these events (i.e., others’ approval contingencies of self-worth [CSW]) probably differs between Easterners and Westerners. This may be a reason for cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. We investigated two samples of undergraduate students from Taiwan and the United States to examine the mediating role of others’ approval CSW in forming cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. The results revealed that Taiwanese participants exhibited lower subjective well-being and higher others’ approval CSW than American participants. In addition, others’ approval CSW partially mediated the cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. Thus, one reason for lower subjective well-being among Easterners was likely that their self-esteem was more prone to larger fluctuations depending on whether they receive approval from others in everyday life.

Do Easterners and Westerners Treat Contradiction Differently?

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Mercier ◽  
Jiehai Zhang ◽  
Yuping Qu ◽  
Peng Lu ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Van der Henst
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Law Of Excluded Middle ◽  
Excluded Middle ◽  
Influential Theory

Peng and Nisbett (1999) put forward an influential theory of the influence of culture on the resolution of contradiction. They suggested that Easterners deal with contradiction in a dialectical manner, trying to reconcile opposite points of view and seeking a middle-way. Westerners, by contrast, would follow the law of excluded middle, judging one side of the contradiction to be right and the other to be wrong. However, their work has already been questioned, both in terms of replicability and external validity. Here we test alternative interpretations of two of Peng and Nisbett’s experiments and conduct a new test of their theory in a third experiment. Overall, the Eastern (Chinese) and Western (French) participants behaved similarly, failing to exhibit the cross-cultural differences observed by Peng and Nisbett. Several interpretations of these failed replications and this failed new test are suggested. Together with previous failed replications, the present results raise questions about the breadth of Peng and Nisbett’s interpretation of cross-cultural differences in dealing with contradiction.

scholarly journals EUROPEAN CROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCIES VS. GERMAN AND ROMANIAN STYLE NEGOTIATIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
MARIANA BAICU
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
International Negotiation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Unity In Diversity ◽  
The Cross ◽  
European Family

Negotiation is a kind of communication between contractual partners having a target, a consensual objective to achieve. In an international negotiation, the businessmen have to know the culture of their partner in order to approach him according to his language, habits, traditions, moral and religious customs. In Europe we know two kinds of cultures: monochronic and polychronic cultures and some authors describe the cultural trinity (Northern, Central and Southern geographical oriented cultures). In the European Union the trend is to have UNITY IN DIVERSITY, proper to the prospective European family, defined by tolerance, understanding, competitive alliances and win-win negotiations. This goal will be achieved by knowing the cross cultural differences, playing the role of the adult negotiator, tolerant, knowing and understanding each other.

A cross-species perspective on the selfishness axiom

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 818-818
Author(s):  
Sarah F. Brosnan ◽  
Frans B. M. de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Relative Gains ◽  
Other Regarding ◽  
Other Regarding Preferences

Henrich et al. describe an innovative research program investigating cross-cultural differences in the selfishness axiom (in economic games) in humans, yet humans are not the only species to show such variation. Chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys show signs of deviating from the standard self-interest paradigm in experimental settings by refusing to take foods that are less valuable than those earned by conspecifics, indicating that they, too, may pay attention to relative gains. However, it is less clear whether these species also show the other-regarding preferences seen in humans.

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