Traitement du Cas Génitif dans Une Classification des Phrases à Compléments Figés du Grec Moderne

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aggeliki Fotopoulou

In this article we have stressed the treatment of the genitive case for a syntactic classification of sentences containing frozen complements: the genitive presents a problem to the extent that several syntactic functions can be assigned to it. Thus, on the one hand we examine sentences whose complement in the genitive is frozen and, on the other hand, we examine frozen sentences whose genitive complement is free. In the first case, we use three tests to determine the syntactic status of the genitive in question: (i) the alternation of the genitive complement with a prepositional phrase; (ii) a comparison with free sentences having an equivalent structure; (iii) the paraphrase of the genitive complement by an adverbial, which is frequently prepositional. In the second case, when the base form is N0 V C (accus) N (gén), we have made use of such properties as the following: (i) the pronominalisation in the form of a Ppv, (ii) the pronominalisation in the form of a Poss, (iii) the alternation of the genitive with a prepositional phrase (à N (accus)), which brings out distinct structures quite clearly. In this way, taking syntactic criteria into account for the analysis of (free or frozen) genitive forms allows us to set up classes that are more homogeneous from the point of view of their syntax. We have also been able to observe that cases, as morphological markers, play no essential role in the criteria that constitute the basis of our classification.

Author(s):  
Maria Chikarkova ◽  

Although graffiti is a well-known phenomenon of street art, there is still no single point of view on this phenomenon (even if it is considered art at all). Both the essence and the manifestations of graffiti remain a matter of debate - there are dozens of different classifications, that they are based on different characteristics. However, the phenomenon has rarely attracted attention from the point of view of semiotics, though it is the semiotic reading of graffiti that makes it possible to understand its nature more deeply. Due to semiotics we could create an integrative classification, which would combine stylistics and subject matter into one system. The article made exactly such an attempt –providing of the semiotic classification of graffiti, based on Ch. Peirce’s classification of semiotic signs. Graffiti is a sign, because it has a material shell of the latter, a marked object and rules of interpretation. It functions within the subculture and signifies the individual's desire to escape from the deterministic nature of urban life (J. Baudrillard). It is a culture of the semiosphere, which continuously gives rise to new connotations and, accordingly, generates new receptions. An important component of graffiti interpretation is the cultural code; it is not read outside the field of conventionality, cultural context. Decoding of graffiti can occur in three ways. From our point of view, it is appropriate to use S. Hall’sclassification. He suggested a scheme for "decrypting" messages in the media, however, in our opinion, his scheme works for any communicative act (including graffiti). He distinguished dominant ("dominant-hegemonic"), oppositional ("oppositional") and negotiated ("negotiated") decoding. In the graffiti situation, oppositional decoding prevails among ordinary recipients (passers-by). U. Eco called this type aberrant, because it provides "decryption" of text with a different code than the one it was created for. Authors of graffiti themselves are often not fully aware of what they createalso. Modern writers use techniques of op-art, Dadaism, surrealism, etc., without being very oriented in all these directions. When graffiti combines different types of art (for example, the combination of painting with literature), it takes into account the features of inter-semiotic translation, which makes the decoding situation even more complicated. We offercreating a semioticclassificationofgraffiti, that might be based on Ch. Peirce’s classification of semiotic signs, whichdistinguishthesigns-copies, signs-indexes, signs-symbols. It could help the essence of graffiti and decode them.


Author(s):  
Marianne Laurent

The research and development on spoken dialog systems embraces technical, user-centered and business-related perspectives. It brings together stakeholders belonging to distinct job families, therefore prone to different traditions and practices. When assessing their contributions, as well as the final solution, they conduct very nomadic evaluation protocols. As a result, the field is eager to set up norms for evaluation. Contributions abound in this way. However, despite standardization exercises, we believe that the absence of common conceptual foundations and dedicated “knowledge creation spaces” frustrates the effort of convergence. The chapter therefore presents an application framework meant to rationalize the design of evaluation protocols inside and across project teams. This Multi Point Of VieW Evaluation Refine Studio (MPOWERS) enforces common models for the design of evaluation protocols. It aims at facilitating, on the one hand, the individual evaluator-users task and, on the second hand, the emergence of (first virtual, then maybe real) communities of practice and multidisciplinary communities of interest. It illustrates how implementing shared knowledge frameworks and vocabulary for non-ambiguous asynchronous discussions can support the emergence of such virtual communities.


2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (26) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Joanna Bryła-Lech

Fixed word combinations and their modifications are frequently used by journalists in press releases of a political and/or social profile. Analyzing the source material gathered from “Gazeta Wyborcza” in 2001, I found many lexical variants of phrasemes and proverbs.The most interesting modifications appeared in the headlines. This article describes a few such examples.Fixed word combinations make it easier for senders of political-social announcements to express their thoughts indirectly. They can be used to convey irony, mockery, or aversion towards a person or the subject of the statement in a veiled way. The proper understanding (i.e., in accordance with the sender’s intentions) of such a constructed announcement often requires some intellectual effort from the reader. It is a kind of game. Interpreting the metaphorical sense causes a relationship to form between the participants of the communicative process.Changeable modifications appear as a result of the replacement of one component by a different word, which from the sender’s point of view is more attractive than the one in the base form (Bąba 1989, p. 54). This leads to the appearance of so-called lexical variants. Most frequently, these units are not fixed in the Polish language, but are created especially for the needs of a certain text. They enable the meaning of a phraseme or proverb to be matched to the content of the article, which constitutes the context of its usage. They usually narrow the meaning.The modified phrasemes and proverbs attract the reader’s attention, convincing him of the sender’s views. The language of politics and the media is the language of manipulation and persuasion. Fixed word combinations are very important language devices that facilitate an effective influence on the reader/receiver.


2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenza Mele ◽  
Maria Addolorata Mangione

Le riflessioni sul tema dell’errore, sviluppate dalle due Autrici, si articolano attraverso un confronto tra verità ed errori in medicina, nell’intreccio tra epistemologia e scienza, tra gnoseologia e prassi. Il ragionamento prende l’avvio dalla convinzione di base che l’idea della fallibilità umana e quella dell’errore non possono essere disgiunte da quella della verità, una verità che va cercata nella consapevolezza di sapere di non sapere, ma al tempo stesso nella certezza di essere capaci di migliorare il livello di conoscenza posseduto. Si offre una rilettura del contributo di insigni clinici italiani, che hanno dedicato all’errore grande attenzione, quali Augusto Murri ed Enrico Poli, e che hanno considerato l’errore come fonte di conoscenza. Viene quindi illustrata una classificazione dell’errore medico secondo diverse prospettive, cercando anche il confronto con studi più recenti sugli aspetti cognitivi, nell’intento di cogliere gli insegnamenti propri di questo tipo di esperienza umana. L’analisi delle istanze etiche prende l’avvio dal concetto di probabilità diagnostica, ed impostate tenendo presente che la distinzione tra verità ed errore non è più semplicemente un giudizio di carattere gnoseologico, ma implica un giudizio di valore. La valutazione dell’errore medico va sempre effettuata nella consapevolezza della molteplicità di dimensioni che caratterizza l’uomo, che si rendono manifeste anche nell’agire medico. Viene poi presa in esame una pedagogia antropologica dell’errore, passando dall’applicazione delle potenzialità rivelatrici dell’errore dal punto di vista della conoscenza scientifica, alla forza disvelante nei confronti dell’essere. La proposta di riflessione si sviluppa attorno alle intuizioni di Agostino d’Ippona, che ha visto proprio la fallibilità umana come sorgente di conoscenza sull’essere dell’uomo. ---------- Considerations about the error, developed by the Authors, are organised through a comparison between truth and error in medicine, within the convergence between epistemology and science, gnoseology and praxis. The argument starts off the fundamental conviction that the idea of the human fallibility and that one of the error cannot be separated from that one of the truth, this last one has to be found in the consciousness to know that we don’t know and, at the same time, in the certitude to be able to improve our knowledge. This paper exposes a re-reading of the contribution of eminent Italian physicians, as Augusto Murri and Enrico Poli, that paid great attention to the issue of the error, considering the error as a source of knowledge. It will be reported then a classification of medical error according to different point of view, comparing these data with some recent studies of the cognitive aspects to catch the goods that this kind of human experience may give. The analysis of the different ethical demands starts with the concept of diagnostic probability, these demands are set up having in mind that the distinction between truth and error is not simply a gnoseological assessment, but it implies an assessment of value too. The evaluation of medical error should be always carry out on the consciousness of the variety of meanings characterizing man, manifested in the medical act too. After this, the Authors will consider a pedagogic anthropology of the error, from the application of the potentiality showing the error, on the scientific standpoint, to the disclosing vigour facing human being. The proposal of reflection develops on the trail of the intuition of Augustine of Hippo, who considered his own human fallibility as a source of knowledge of the human being.


Author(s):  
Floriane Bardini

In this paper, we approach audio description (AD) from a Translation Studies point of view. The two first parts are of theoretical interest: AD is defined as a part of the audiovisual text and as a form of intersemiotic translation. Once this is set up, we concentrate on the concept of translation techniques (Molina and Hurtado, 2002) and adapt them to audio description to provide scholars and students with a functional classification of AD techniques (ADT), which can be used for descriptive studies of audio descriptions as well as in training, and is based on a functional classification of translation techniques. The paper ends with detailed examples from a comparative study of several audio descriptions of the film Slumdog Millionaire (2008) using ADTs to illustrate the benefits of the established taxonomy.


Author(s):  
Сергей Вартанов

Настоящая работа представляет собой первую, вводную часть цикла статей, посвященных обзору существующих моделей, методов и взглядов на эффекты воздействия экономического института рекламы на рынок на всех возможных уровнях. В первой части цикла приводится общий обзор наиболее значимых подходов к изучению рекламной деятельности фирм, влияния рекламы на потребителей и на характеристики экономического равновесия. Построена классификация экономических эффектов рекламы, учитывающая все существующие аспекты ее воздействия и кратко описаны подходы к анализу ее первичных, вторичных и третичных эффектов. The present work is an introduction to a cycle of review articles dedicated to a comprehensive description and analysis of effects caused by advertising as an economic institution on the whole economy on different levels. A general review of most significant approaches to analyze the firms advertising activities is carried out as well as a diversified overview of methods and mathematical apparatus of modelling advertisement influence on consumers and on the characteristics of economic equilibrium. A classification of such influence effects is constructed, based on different characteristics of advertising, including its content, duration, intensity, as well as types of firms’ ad strategies and the level of economy affected by ad influence. From the latter point of view the economic effects of advertising may be divided into three levels. Primary effects involve only the consumers and describe the shift in their demand inspired by advertisement. The emergence of primary effects gives a new tool to operate the demand for the producing firms. For the latter it means that they may develop an optimal strategy, different from the one that fits the “non-ad” case, and this difference forms the essence of the secondary tier of the economic effects of the advertising (secondary effects). Finally, the tertiary effects of advertising deal with the shift in general market characteristics and structure induced by the existence of advertising as an institution such as social welfare change or emergence of new equilibriums or advertising markets as well as advertising-driven intersectoral linkages between production and media industries.


2018 ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Martin-Fuentes ◽  
Carles Mateu ◽  
César Fernández

European countries do not have the same hotel classification system. Therefore, the criteria and requirements used to assign star ratings to hotels do not concur among the different countries. There have been some criticisms about the way hotel stars are assigned, because the requirements do not necessarily match the quality of service offered. Technical criteria such as infrastructure and room dimensions are taken into account, but users do not perceive them although these have nothing to do with the satisfaction. This study aims to determine whether the hotel category of about 80,000 hotels in 9 different European countries on TripAdvisor is related to customer satisfaction, measured from the point of view of the user ratings on this site. The one-way ANOVA test shows that there are significant differences between the average ratings of the hotel category, except in the classification of 1-star and 2-star hotels from most countries analysed that behave similarly, and 1-star and 3-star hotels from Austria, Greece, Portugal, Spain and UK that are ranked similarly.


Author(s):  
Sven Langbein

One way to represent the realisation of a system with complex and variable functions is by means of a modular system. Modular systems do not only enable the adoption of the solutions for other applications, but moreover lead to a reduction of the diversity of variants and to a reduction of the development risk. An unsolved problem at modular systems is the increasing system complexity. Additional functions, like the mechanical and electronic coupling of the modules, are responsible for it. Beyond the conventional form of a modular system there is the possibility to create a variable shape memory actuator system only by using the material configuration of one single SMA-component. An emphasizing feature of SMAs is their potential to produce different functional effects, for example thermal shape memory or superelasticity, in one component. Separated from the former point of view a new perspective with extreme integral and standardised set up is opened up. Here it is merely required to complete the structuring and dimensioning of SMA components with function “material programming”. The SMA-component can therefore especially be programmed functionally for the scheduled use case. This programming can be reversible or not reversible in consideration of different configuration possibilities. The structure of such a variable SMA-component can be understood as a “one module” modular system. The components are endued with different regional operating spheres. One area of the various function spheres represents one module. This is an equivalent to the modular system in common design. Through an activation or a setup process the superelastic behaviour can as well as the thermal shape memory be optionally adjusted. Therefore “material programming” can be installed in order to implement active actuators, passive superelastic structures (usable for hinges, clips or dampers) and even a combination of both. Furthermore the transformation with several stages can be implemented by adjusting different transformation temperatures in one specific element. On the one hand the aim of this study is to show a way to develop such components. On the other hand the study gives a review in “one-module” component designs.


2015 ◽  
pp. 217-239
Author(s):  
Ludmila Dimitrova ◽  
Violetta Koseska-Toszewa ◽  
Danuta Roszko ◽  
Roman Roszko

Application of multilingual corpus in contrastive studies (on the example of the Bulgarian-Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus)In this paper we present applications of a trilingual corpus in language research. Comparative and contrastive studies of Polish and Bulgarian as well as Polish and Lithuanian have been already conducted, but up to the best of our knowledge no such studies exist for Bulgarian and Lithuanian. On the one hand, it is interesting to note that two Slavic languages are compared to a Baltic language (Lithuanian). On the other hand, the three languages are marginally present in the EU because of the later ascension of the three countries to the EU. The paper shortly describes the first electronic Bulgarian–Polish–Lithuanian experimental corpus, currently under development only for research. We also focus our attention on the morphosyntactic annotation of the parallel trilingual corpus according to the Corpus Encoding Standard: we present a review of the Part-of-Speech (POS) classification of the participle in the three languages – Bulgarian, Polish, and Lithuanian in comparison to another POS, the adjective. We briefly discuss tagsets for corpus annotation from the point of view of possible unification in the future with some examples.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Jānis Kārkliņš ◽  
◽  
Vadim Mantrov

The article aims to explore the place of contract for digital thing (i.e., a good with digital elements; digital content; and digital service) from the point of view of Latvian contract law considering the recently adopted Consumer Sale Directives 2019 (Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771). The topicality of the article’s theme is rooted in transposition of these directives into Latvian national law. On the one hand, it is necessary to find a proper place for classification of contract for a digital good considering approaches and contents of Latvian contract law for the appropriate understanding of this contract within Latvian contract law and, speaking broadly, Latvian civil law. On the other, the transposition of these directives would mean that digital goods for nonconsumers will remain without explicit regulation because these directives are intended to be transposed into consumer rights protection law being as lex specialis without introducing any amendments into general contract law. At the beginning, the present article provides an overview of the place of contract for a digital thing before transposition of the Consumer Sale Directives 2019 into Latvian consumer rights protection law, i.e., in the current regulation of Latvian contract law. The article continues with analysis of the expected place of contract for a digital thing after the currently intended transposition of these directives. Afterwards the article addresses the consequences of that transposition. The article concludes with summary following the discussion contained therein.


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