Chinese urban language in historical perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-171
Author(s):  
Richard VanNess Simmons
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Social Accommodation ◽  
Urban Language ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Vast Territory

Abstract Three contemporaneous descriptions of Guānhuà from the beginning of the 19th century collectively provide a rich and evocative representation that contains a trove of details regarding the nature of that koine and its relationship to Mandarin and local dialects in the urban linguistic milieu of the late Qīng. The descriptions are those of Gāo Jìngtíng (fl. 1800–1810), Lǐ Rǔzhēn (c. 1763–1830), and Robert Morrison (1782–1834). We find that all three note the existence of two forms of Guānhuà, a northern type, and a southern type. The three authors all present a mix of northern and southern types in their descriptions, though each also gives greater prominence to the southern type. This southern type has a close connection to the southern Jiāng-Huái Mandarin dialects, and takes the dialect of Nánjīng as a primary representative. In overall perspective, these three authors’ descriptions also reveal there was widespread acceptance of, and social accommodation for, linguistic diversity in Qīng China, within which Guānhuà served as the lingua franca that promoted easy communication across China’s vast territory.

scholarly journals Cleft lip: The historical perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S4-S8
Author(s):  
S. Bhattacharya ◽  
V. Khanna ◽  
R. Kohli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Wedge Resection ◽  
Surgical Correction ◽  
Bilateral Cleft Lip ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evil Spirits ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Two Sides

ABSTRACTThe earliest documented history of cleft lip is based on a combination of religion, superstition, invention and charlatanism. While Greeks ignored their existence, Spartans and Romans would kill these children as they were considered to harbour evil spirits. When saner senses prevailed Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1537–1619) was the first to suggest the embryological basis of these clefts. The knowledge of cleft lip and the surgical correction received a big boost during the period between the Renaissance and the 19th century with the publication of Pierre Franco's Petit Traité and Traité des Hernies in which he described the condition as “lièvre fendu de nativitè” (cleft lip present from birth). The first documented Cleft lip surgery is from China in 390 BC in an 18 year old would be soldier, Wey Young-Chi. Albucasis of Arabia and his fellow surgeons used the cautery instead of the scalpel and Yperman in 1854 recommended scarifying the margins with a scalpel before suturing them with a triangular needle dipped in wax. The repair was reinforced by passing a long needle through the two sides of the lip and fixing the shaft of the needle with a figure-of-eight thread over the lip. Germanicus Mirault can be credited to be the originator of the triangular flap which was later modified by C.W. Tennison in 1952 and Peter Randall in 1959. In the late 50s, Ralph Millard gave us his legendary ‘cut as you go’ technique. The protruding premaxilla of a bilateral cleft lip too has seen many changes throughout the ages OE from being discarded totally to being pushed back by wedge resection of vomer to finally being left to the orthodontists.

Governmentality, Curriculum Policies, and Citizenship Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 274-301
Author(s):  
Jesús Romero ◽  
Marta Estellés
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Citizenship Education ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Curriculum Policies ◽  
The 19Th Century

Citizenship education has received increasing attention in recent decades. After its inclusion in the agenda of international organizations and European institutions, many studies and academic debates have taken place. Despite their undoubted merits, a significant portion of that literature has not sufficiently discussed its starting presuppositions. It has often introduced citizenship education as if it were a novelty. That presentism has had a dangerous effect: the ease with which some ways of thinking and talking about citizenship education have been naturalized. Precisely for that reason, a historical perspective is essential: It helps us distance ourselves from our own frame of reference to question what is usually taken for granted by analyzing the changes in the tacit knowledge systems. In this chapter, the authors try to illustrate this by examining the main tendencies that have introduced citizenship education in national curricula during the two key cycles of socio-institutional restructuring experienced by Western countries since the end of the 19th century.

Consequences of changing expectations to law and its institutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 461-486
Author(s):  
Sören Koch
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
State Power ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Appellate Courts ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper focuses on the reasons for and effects of the establishment of appellate courts in Norway. Based on the assumption that the introduction of an appellate system was caused by – and at the same time produced – expectations of law, the author reconstructs central features of the Norwegian legal order and its surrounding legal culture. By especially looking at the crucial role of the legal office of the lawman (lagmann), both in the development of the judicature in general and especially in the courts of appeal, the legacy of the medieval popular assembly (þing / ting) is traced back to its historical roots. The author identifies a close relationship between the increasing influence of state power, the demand for an effective judiciary and prevailing ideals of justice. The result was a not always intended but continuous professionalisation of the judges until the 19th century. The introduction of a jury – consisting of lay judges – appears on this background as aberration. However, as expectations on law had changed, the participation of lay judges had become a political desire in Norway from approximately 1830. To support this political claim the judiciary was restructured by applying a deeply unhistorical perception of the judiciary’s historical roots. Due to contradicting political tendencies it took about 60 years to finally establish the jury-system. Despite the fact that the institution of the jury was constantly criticized by legal scientists and legal practitioners alike and despite losing its political backing already decades ago, it still continues to exist. Obviously, the romantic notion of folks-courts still has not lost its attraction jet. The paper demonstrates that this notion is – seen from a historical perspective – unsustainable.


The Equation of Motion and Energy Equation for Particles: A Historical Perspective (Keynote)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstathios E. Michaelides
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Hydrodynamic Force ◽  
Equation Of Motion ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Momentum Exchange ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
The 19Th Century

Energy and momentum exchange between spherical particles and a fluid is a fundamental problem that has excited the intellectual curiosity of many scientists for more than two centuries. The development of the energy equation of spherical particles in a fluid can be traced back to the work of Laplace and Fourier that appeared early in the 19th century. It is now little known that Peclet formulated the no-slip condition at a solid boundary, by observing the transfer of heat, approximately ten years before the concept of viscosity was conceived. Towards the middle of the 19th century Poison derived the hydrodynamic force on a sphere in an inviscid fluid and a few years later, Stokes formulated what is now known “the Stokes drag” for the steady-state hydrodynamic force acting on a spherical particle in a viscous fluid. Boussinesq and Basset developed a form for the transient equation of motion of the particles with very low inertia towards the end of the 19th century. The mathematical advances of the early 20th century are reflected in developments in mechanics and on the equation of motion of particles. Oseen and Faxen used asymptotic methods to derive improved our knowledge on the behavior of particles with inertia and in close proximity to boundaries. Experimentation contributed very useful correlations on the hydrodynamic force and the heat transfer from particles. The experimentally derived data helped also in the development of semiempirical equations for the transient hydrodynamic force. Regular and singular perturbation methods have been used more recently to derive expressions for the transient hydrodynamic force and the heat transfer from particles during time-dependent processes, both under creeping flow conditions and at low Reynolds or Peclet numbers. The recent advances on computational methods and the exponential increase in computer power enable us to simulate the motion and energy exchange of groups of particles and complex particle interactions. This presentation gives a historical perspective on the development of our knowledge on particle motion and heat transfer inside a viscous or conducting fluid. Emphasis is given on the exposition of the lesser-known works of the 19th century that have placed the foundation for many concepts and methods that are still used today. The presentation concludes with the most recent contributions of the numerical studies and a short exposition of the voids in our knowledge on energy and momentum exchange processes between particles and a fluid.

Opium in China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangwen Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medicinal Herb ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
The 19Th Century

Opium was used as a medicinal herb during the Tang-Song dynastic era, if not earlier, but this medicinal role was transformed during the Ming dynasty as it became an ingredient in aphrodisiacs produced for the Ming court. Small countries in South-Southeast Asia included opium in their tribute items to the Ming. Tribute missions were a form of trade as well as the best way to maintain foreign relations. Opium transformed again in the early Qing dynasty as Southeast Asian Chinese brought the habit of smoking opium mixed with tobacco back to the mainland. This was soon integrated in and promoted by the sex recreation industry in the mid-18th century, and the demand for opium grew rapidly in the early decades of the 19th century. By the 1850s, increasing supply fueled a level of consumption that neither repeated attempts at prohibition, nor two opium wars could stymie; it exploded into a consumer revolution. Opium became vital to the economy as all the polities since the late Qing taxed it to sustain themselves. It also became a symbol of China’s humiliation and anti-imperialist political platform. It has now come back to haunt the country despite the Mao era success in eradication.

scholarly journals Problem obcości: opozycja Rosja–Europa w kulturze rosyjskiej (XI–XIX w.)

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Marek Jedliński
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article analyzes the historical perspective of the formation of the opposition “friend or foe” in the Russian culture from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Binary thinking has a universal dimension: it is present in every culture, particularly in traditional societies (in this case it is the opposition Russia–Europe). Hostility towards strangers is already noticeable in the Ruthenian tribes. The outsiders were seen as savages, as animals, and even as evil forces. It relates to the perception of the symbolic center of the world.  It is recognizable in the work of Hilarion and the concept of Moscow as the Third Rome.

scholarly journals The First Cadaveric Dissection in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Soumit Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Cadaver Dissection ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cadaveric Dissection ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Bengal Renaissance ◽  
The 19Th Century

Historical Perspective The first cadaver dissection in India in the 19th century after millennia of social prejudices took place in the recently established Calcutta Medical College in 1835, the first medical college in Asia imparting western medical education to British, Anglo Indians and Indians in the empire.  The first scientific approach to medical sciences commenced following this landmark event and set the trend for future liberal attitudes in society and contributed to the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century. This is a fictional account of the day when it happened. Only the characters and the fact that the dissection occurred are real.

Brazilian Slave Revolts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Figueiredo Pirola
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Brazilian History ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Vast Territory ◽  
Slave Revolts

Brazil received the largest number of enslaved Africans in the countries in the Americas. Of the 12.5 million men and women taken captive in Africa, about 5.5 million (44 percent) were sent to Brazil, which became one of the main slaveholding areas in the world. The enslavement of Africans and their descendants persisted in that country for more than three centuries and permeated all aspects of life. There was no work in which slave labor was not used, whether in the fields or in towns and cities throughout Brazil’s vast territory. The wealth produced by the exploitation of sugar cane, coffee, and the extraction of gold and diamonds relied primarily on the work of enslaved Africans. Brazil was built on the backs of Blacks. If the work of enslaved Africans and their descendants marked the building of wealth in that country, the struggles they waged over the centuries were also part of Brazilian history. The enslaved resisted the world conceived by their masters in many ways: by sabotaging the production of goods, slowing the pace of work, escaping, forming quilombos (maroon communities), killing masters and overseers, and planning slave revolts. These various forms of resistance coexisted during over three centuries of slavery in Brazil, but above all in the 19th century, when most of the collective slave revolts occurred. This does not mean that there were no uprisings before that time, but the accelerated arrival of Africans in the 19th century and the dissemination of several revolutionary ideologies (such as Islamism and the ideas of equality and freedom arising from the Enlightenment) created a favorable context for the outbreak of mass revolts. It was in the 1800s, specifically in 1835, that Brazil witnessed the largest urban uprising of enslaved individuals in the Americas when the Revolt of the Malês erupted in the streets of Salvador, Bahia.

Aboriginal Reconciliation: An Historical Perspective

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The United States ◽  
English Reader ◽  
Normal Part ◽  
Indian Tribes ◽  
The 19Th Century

Today if someone mentions the word ‘treaty’ in the Aboriginal context, the usual next question is ‘Why a treaty?’ The educated English reader of the 19th Century press would have been more likely to ask the opposite question ‘Why not a treaty?’ Treaties with the indigenous people were a normal part of the colonising process. Treaties were concluded by the British in New Zealand, and with many Indian tribes in Canada and the United States.

scholarly journals Special education in Poland (until 1989) – historical perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACEK KULBAKA
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Special Schools ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Adam Mickiewicz

Jacek Kulbaka, Special education in Poland (until 1989) – historical perspective. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 27, Poznań 2019. Pp. 117–149. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. e-ISSN 2658-283X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.27.06The article is dedicated to presenting the information regarding the origins, organisation and the activity of special schools and institutions in Europe, with the particular focus on Polish territories (from the beginning of the 19th century to the final years of the Polish People’s Republic). The text nature may be included within the framework of inquiries regarding the history of education. Referring to the wide historical context (social, political, economical, legal, outlook and other determinants), the aim of the author of the text was to introduce the accomplishments of particular individuals, and various institutions active for the children with disabilities, in the discussed period.

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