A restudy of postcolonial Palau after two decades

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 34-59
Author(s):  
Kazuko Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Social Division ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Ethnographic Analysis

Abstract This paper reports results from a reinvestigation of multilingualism in postcolonial Palau, conducted twenty years after the first study. The first-ever ethnographic language survey conducted in 1997–1998 highlighted the diglossic nature of Palau where English replaced Japanese as the ‘high’ language, while indigenous Palauan remained as the ‘low’ spoken language. It indicated three possible future scenarios: (a) shift from multilingualism to bilingualism after the older Japanese-speaking generation passes away; (b) stability of diglossia with a clear social division between an English-speaking elite and a predominantly Palauan-speaking non-elite; (c) movement towards an English-speaking nation with Palauan being abandoned. The restudy conducted in 2017–2018 provides real-time evidence to assess the direction and progress of change, whilst the ethnographic analysis of recent changes in language policies and the linguistic analysis of teenagers’ narratives reveal the unpopularity of Palauan as a written language and the emergence of their own variety of English.

English loanwords in the Serbo-Croatian immigrant press

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Milan I. Surducki
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Weekly Newspapers ◽  
Contact Situation ◽  
Secondary Phenomenon ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Immigrant Language

I propose to present here the findings of an analysis of a limited corpus of English loanwords as found in four Canadian weekly newspapers published in the Serbo-Croatian language. Though interference in written language is a secondary phenomenon in a situation of languages in contact, instances of such interference are interesting and important since they may contribute to the adoption and spread of the corresponding instances of interference in spoken language. In addition, kinds of interference, as well as the total amount of interference in an immigrant language contact situation, may be usefully compared with interference phenomena in the corresponding standard language (in which very often, as is the case with E and SC in contact, almost all borrowing is done from a written model language). The linguistic analysis of the interference in written language seems therefore to be worth while.

scholarly journals French Grammatical Accents: Practices, Sociolinguistic Foundations, and Pedagogical Implications in a Multilingual Setting

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
Antoine Willy Ndzotom Mbakop ◽  
Sonia Laurei Emalieu Kanko ◽  
Adrienne Michelle Tida
Keyword(s):  
Target Population ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Far North ◽  
Written Production ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Significant Patterns ◽  
The Town

The present paper probes the use of French grammatical accents by English-speaking learners of French in a multilingual country: Cameroon. Its aim is twofold. First, it highlights the extent to which the various appropriative uses of French by French-speaking Cameroonians influence the form of the language spoken by their English-speaking counterparts. Then, it checks the effect of the language spoken by these learners on their written language. The data were collected among 160 Form 3 and Form 4 pupils from two high schools in the town of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon. Six tests and fifty tape recordings were carried out among the target population. Also, four French teachers were tape recorded during the exercise. The analysis of the errors made by the informants revealed significant patterns of acute and grave accents in the spoken language of respondents. These patterns of oral usage were found to strongly correlate with their written production. It therefore appears that Cameroon French displays some specific phonological characteristics, which severely spoils the acquisition of grammatical accents by English-speaking Cameroonians. These findings may revive the debate over whether French in former colonies should adapt to its contexts or keep its native purity. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

scholarly journals Code-Switching in der Geschriebenen Sprache. Mehrsprachigkeit am beispiel Deutscher Pressetexte, Liedertexte und Sms-Nachrichten unter Berücksichtigung der Tendenz zur Konzeptionellen Mündlichkeit bzw. Schriftlichkeit

ACC Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Magdalena Malechová
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Written Form

Multilingualism plays an immense role in today's world. This linguistic interweaving occurs, consciously or unconsciously, but the understanding of linguistic interaction is always on the front burner. The contribution shows some possibilities of the encounter of different languages and the consequences of these contacts. One of the processes in which the languages are merging is called code-switching. On concrete examples in written language, coexisting elements of spoken language are shown. The aim of the article is, however, to observe the written language and its tendency to either conceptual verbal or written form of language and to present three types of written texts and how code-switching in this field of communication works. Based on theoretical knowledge about existing forms of changing language codes, in the empirical part of the study, exemplary excerpts are subjected to qualitative linguistic analysis and research results are presented.

scholarly journals Alguns comentários sobre as modalidades de uso da língua-escrita, fala e escrita em tempo real

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Fábio Madeira
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Synchronous Communication ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Language Modality

This paper discusses the language modalities. I will first discuss spoken language – its characteristics and its uses. Next I will comment on written language and in the following section I will discuss the written language produced for synchronous communication through the internet. Besides having presented a new means of communication, the written language produced in real time has presented a new language modality that unites characteristics of both spoken and written language. I will argue that a dichotomy between the two language modalities does not justify and that the differences between spoken and written language are related to the function for which a text is produced.

scholarly journals French Grammatical Accents: Practices, Sociolinguistic Foundations, and Pedagogical Implications in a Multilingual Setting

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-91
Author(s):  
Antoine Willy Ndzotom Mbakop ◽  
Sonia Laurei Emalieu Kanko ◽  
Adrienne Michelle Tida
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Far North ◽  
Written Production ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Significant Patterns ◽  
The Town

The present paper probes the use of French grammatical accents by English-speaking learners of French in a multilingual country: Cameroon. Its aim is twofold. First, it highlights the extent to which the various appropriative uses of French by French-speaking Cameroonians influence the form of the language spoken by their English-speaking counterparts. Then, it checks the effect of the language spoken by these learners on their written language. The data were collected among 160 Form 3 and Form 4 pupils from two high schools in the town of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon. Six tests and fifty tape recordings were carried out among the target population. Also, four French teachers were tape recorded during the exercise. The analysis of the errors made by the informants revealed significant patterns of acute and grave accents in the spoken language of respondents. These patterns of oral usage were found to strongly correlate with their written production. It therefore appears that Cameroon French displays some specific phonological characteristics, which severely spoils the acquisition of grammatical accents by English-speaking Cameroonians. These findings may revive the debate over whether French in former colonies should adapt to its contexts or keep its native purity.

Toward a real-time spoken language system using commercial hardware

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Austin ◽  
Pat Peterson ◽  
Paul Placeway ◽  
Richard Schwartz ◽  
Jeff Vandergrift
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Language System

On Using Written Language Training Data for Spoken Language Modeling

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schwartz ◽  
L. Nguyen ◽  
F. Kubala ◽  
G. CHou ◽  
G. Zavaliagkos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Language Modeling ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Language Training

Sinitic in a Global Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Francis Kornicki
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
The Common

This chapter focuses on the language rupture in East Asia, that is to say, the loss of the common written language known as literary Chinese or Sinitic. The gradual replacement of the cosmopolitan language Sinitic by the written vernaculars was a process similar in some ways to the replacement of Latin and Sanskrit by the European and South Asian vernaculars, as argued by Sheldon Pollock. However, Sinitic was not a spoken language, so the oral dimension of vernacularization cannot be ignored. Charles Ferguson’s notion of diglossia has been much discussed, but the problem in the context of East Asia is that the only spoken languages were the vernaculars and that Sinitic was capable of being read in any dialect of Chinese as well as in the vernaculars used in neighbouring societies.

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