The Evolution of the Chinese Sìhū 四呼 Concept of Syllable Classification

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard VanNess Simmons
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Tradition ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Phonological Categories ◽  
Phonological Feature ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
The Prestige

Summary This paper examines the origins and evolution of the Chinese linguistic concept known as the sìhū 四呼 “four types of rime onset” that is frequently applied to the description and analysis of Mandarin and Chinese dialect phonology. Through the examination of phonological texts primarily of the Míng (1368–1644) and Qīng (1644–1911) periods, the author follows the evolution of the sìhū as a phonological feature and outlines the development of the sìhū concept as well as the evolution of the actual term “sìhū” The underlying phonology of the sìhū emerged following the divergence of Mandarin from the other dialects in the Sòng (960–1279), through the Yuán (1271–1386), and into the Míng. The discovery and description of the sìhū was closely related to developments in phonological analysis made by Míng scholars as they departed from Middle Chinese tradition (of the 7th to the 12th centuries) and mapped out contemporary Mandarin pronunciation, especially that of the prestige Mandarin koinē known as Guānhuà. The emergence and description of the sìhū are thus found to parallel the evolution of Mandarin, as the phonological categories the sìhū represent evolved in concert with characteristic Mandarin features. The attention that Míng and Qīng scholars gave to the rime onset types of the sìhū analysis demonstrates that the phonological features represented by this four-way paradigm were considered to be important elements of contemporary forms of prestige Mandarin.

Typological shift in lexicalizing motion events: The case of Wenzhou

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxia Lin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Motion Events ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Motion Verb ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Modern Standard

AbstractTypological shift in lexicalizing motion events has hitherto been observed cross-linguistically. While over time, Chinese has shown a shift from a dominantly verb-framed language in Old Chinese to a strongly satellite-framed language in Modern Standard Mandarin, this study presents the Chinese dialect Wenzhou, which has taken a step further than Standard Mandarin and other Chinese dialects in becoming a thoroughly satellite-framed language. On the one hand, Wenzhou strongly disfavors the verb-framed pattern. Wenzhou not only has no prototypical path verbs, but also its path satellites are highly deverbalized. On the other hand, Wenzhou strongly prefers the satellite-framed pattern, to the extent that it very frequently adopts a neutral motion verb to head motion expressions so that path can be expressed via satellites and the satellite-framed pattern can be syntactically maintained. The findings of this study are of interest to intra-linguistic, diachronic and cross-linguistic studies of the variation in encoding motion events.

A Multi-Dimensional Exploration of Future Aspect Marker "Dai" in Chinese Dialect from the Perspective of Typology — Take Gansu Tianzhu Dialect as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5440-5452
Author(s):  
Song Shan ◽  
Min Chunfang
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Future Aspect ◽  
The Future ◽  
Aspect Marker ◽  
Chinese Dialect

Objectives: In Tianzhu dialect, the use of the future aspect marker "Dai[tɛi44]" is frequent. The grammatical meaning of the future aspect marker, "verb phrase (VP) +'Dai[tɛi44]+[lio21]'", in Tianzhu dialect can be divided into two categories according to the differences of VP: one indicates that the end of the action is about to be reached, that is, "VP +'Dai1[tɛi44]+[lio21]'"; the other indicates that the action is about to begin, that is, "VP +‘Dai2[tɛi44]+[lio21]’ ". This article takes the Tianzhu dialect aspect marker "Dai[tɛi44]" as the main research object, and focuses on the grammatical functions and semantic features of "Dai1[tɛi44]" and "Dai2[tɛi44]" by studying the actionality types of verbs in Tianzhu dialect, and compares the future aspect marker "Dai[tɛi44]" in Tianzhu dialect with the future aspect markers of other Chinese dialect in Northwest China, and generalizes the geographical distribution and regional characteristics of the future aspect marker "Dai[tɛi44]".

The complexity of grammatical gender and language ecology

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-229
Author(s):  
Francesca Di Garbo
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Language Ecology ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
The Prestige

This chapter investigates the evolution of grammatical gender agreement, taken as an instance of paradigmatic and syntagmatic morphological complexity, in a sample of thirty-six languages, organized per sets of closely related languages with different sociolinguistic profiles. Both loss and emergence of gender agreement occur in areas of intense language contact between diverse speech communities. However, given similar contact scenarios, asymmetries in the structure of the bilingual population and/or in the prestige dynamics between the languages in contact tend to favour one development over the other. Loss of gender agreement occurs when the demographically dominant and/or more prestigious language lacks grammatical gender. Conversely, borrowing of gender agreement is favoured when the demographically dominant and/or more prestigious language has grammatical gender. Finally, the data suggest that patterns of gender marking may have important ties to the way in which speakers construe their linguistic identity in opposition to that of their neighbours.

scholarly journals Is there phonological feature priming?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Durvasula ◽  
Alicia Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Decision Task ◽  
Real Word ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Phonological Feature ◽  
Feature Priming ◽  
Robust Evidence

AbstractWhile there is robust evidence of segment priming, particularly in some real word contexts, there is little to no evidence bearing on the issue of priming of subsegmental features, particularly phonological features. In this article, we present two lexical decision task experiments to show that there are no consistent priming effects attributable to phonological place of articulation features. Given that there is clear evidence of segment priming, but no clear evidence of priming due to other phonological representations, we suggest that it is doubtful that priming is a good tool to study phonological representations, particularly those that are not consciously accessible.

Strategy and imagination in a Mughal Sufi story of creation

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Alam
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Sanskrit Text ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Order ◽  
The Prestige

This article examines a seventeenth-century text that attempts to reconcile Hindu and Muslim accounts of human genesis and cosmogony. The text, Mir’āt al-Makhlūqāt (‘Mirror of Creation’), written by a noted Mughal Sufi author Shaikh ‘Abd al-Rahman Chishti, purportedly a translation of a Sanskrit text, adopts rhetorical strategies and mythological elements of the Purāna tradition in order to argue that evidence of the Muslim prophets was available in ancient Hindu scriptures. Chishti thus accepts the reality of ancient Hindu gods and sages and notes the truth in their message. In doing so Chishti adopts elements of an older argument within the Islamic tradition that posits thousands of cycles of creation and multiple instances of Adam, the father of humans. He argues however that the Hindu gods and sages belonged to a different order of creation and time, and were not in fact human. The text bears some generic resemblance to Bhavishyottarapurāna materials. Chishti combines aspects of polemics with a deft use of politics. He addresses, on the one hand, Hindu intellectuals who claimed the prestige of an older religion, while he also engages, on the other hand, with Muslim theologians and Sufis like the Naqshbandi Mujaddidis who for their part refrained from engaging with Hindu traditions at all.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL PHONOLOGICAL FEATURE DURING A SEMESTER ABROAD IN ARGENTINA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pozzi ◽  
Robert Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Word List ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Phonological Feature ◽  
Made In

Abstract Although recent research suggests that gains are made in the acquisition of dialectal features during study abroad, the few studies that have been conducted on this topic in Spanish-speaking contexts have focused primarily on features characteristic of Spain. This article examines the L2 acquisition of phonological features characteristic of Buenos Aires Spanish, [ʃ] and [ʒ], known as sheísmo/zheísmo, for example the pronunciation of llave [ʝaβe] “key” as [ʃaβe] or [ʒaβe]. Participants include 23 learners of Spanish studying in Buenos Aires, Argentina. More than 4,800 tokens were gathered before, during, and at the end of the semester using sociolinguistic interviews, a reading passage, and a word list. These data were analyzed for the influence of linguistic and social factors using mixed-effects logistic regression (Rbrul; Johnson, 2009). Results suggest that participants approximate nativelike norms of use of these features and that time in country is a statistically significant predictor of patterns of phonological variation.

Chicago

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillum Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major General ◽  
The Prestige

This chapter shows how the fall of Mackinac began a series of events that eventually led to disaster in Illinois. The immediate effect was felt 250 miles away at Detroit, where General William Hull commanded all U.S. forces in the Northwest. Hearing of the surrender of Mackinac, the Wyandot tribe, which had been neutral, joined the British, and the prestige of that tribe was expected to bring the other tribes over to the British as well. Even worse, Hull was now opposed by a soldier of genius, Major General Isaac Brock, working in perfect harmony with Tecumseh. In the wake of these British victories, both Governor Ninian Edwards of Illinois and Governor Benjamin Howard of Missouri expected an attack on their territories.

Phonological Features of Yuan Colloquial Chinese as Seen in Rashid al-Din's History of China

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-40
Author(s):  
Zhongwei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Phonetic Transcription ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Phonological Categories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phonological Contrasts ◽  
The Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Phonological System

Rashid al-Din (1247-1318)'s History of China, written in Persian, contains the names of the dynasties, and of kings and emperors, from prehistoric legends up to the Yuan dynasty. The phonetic transcription of these proper names is an important piece of information for us to understand the Chinese phonology of the Yuan dynasty. in order to correctly understand the phonological features of old Mandarin the possible phonological contrasts that can be represented in the Persian script are examined. it is shown that the Persian transcriptions did not create new letters for Chinese sounds. Thus all the phonological categories of Chinese are only represented by the available Persian letters. After analyzing these transcriptions, this article shows that although many phonological distinctions of old Mandarin are not very well represented in this material, there are enough phonological features to identify the underlying phonological system, which is unambiguously Mandarin.

Authority as Perceived by the Schoolgoing Senegalese Adolescents

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Vandewiele
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Students ◽  
School Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Ideal Teacher ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Prestige

With the help of a questionnaire addressed to 882 Senegalese secondary students we have investigated their views of the ideal mother, ideal father, and ideal teacher. We also examined how they perceived their relationships with their teachers and the incidence of family and school environment. Starting from Tap's classification (1966), we have tried to show that love and confidence were the qualities most expected from mothers. On the other hand, characteristics such as authority, pedagogical preoccupations, and justice were expected from fathers. Contrary to Tap's findings (1966) for French subjects, gentleness was a quality given more for fathers than for mothers. Conversely mothers were expected by our subjects to be more dynamic than fathers which contrasts with Tap's results. The students value the moral or affective qualities of the ideal teachers much more than their intellectual qualities. The psychological traits of their actual teachers are described in a rather severe manner; unfavourable answers are more frequent. The prestige of the teacher seems to be still high; they are highly respected in the family circles of 81% of the students. Although the relationships are unequal between parents and teachers intellectually, contacts between them are highly desirable for 75% of the students.

scholarly journals Growth of Mytilus galloprovincialis after the Prestige oil spill

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura G. Peteiro ◽  
José M.F. Babarro ◽  
Uxío Labarta ◽  
María José Fernández-Reiriz
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raft Culture ◽  
Biochemical Status ◽  
Prestige Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Exposure ◽  
The Prestige

Abstract Growth of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis using raft culture was investigated for the first cultured generation following the Prestige oil spill off northwestern Spain. Seed from three natural populations along the Galician coastline, Pindo, Miranda, and Redes, was transplanted to a raft culture system in Ría de Ares-Betanzos. The physiological and biochemical status of mussels at the onset of culture and the degree of oil exposure three months after the spill (February 2003) have been described already, but here growth patterns of three populations sampled monthly from seeding to thinning-out (March/August 2003) and from thinning-out to harvest (August 2003/February 2004) were assessed. Mussels from Pindo (the area most affected by the oil spill) showed significantly less growth by weight than the other populations, resulting in a lower yield at harvest. The percentage of mussels classified as “large” in the Pindo population at harvest was also significantly less than that of the other two mussel populations.

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