Studying the process of information selection in manuals

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Ummelen
Keyword(s):  
Time Data ◽  
Thinking Aloud ◽  
Information Selection ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Research ◽  
Further Development

Research instruments for studying information selection in manuals should meet several goals at the same time. First of all, they should accurately register relevant data, such as selected information, selection moments, and reading times. They should also enable the reader to use both the manual and the accompanying product in a natural way. And finally, both data collection and analysis should not be too time-consuming or expensive. In this paper, four research instruments that may be used for studying selection processes in manuals are described and evaluated with respect to these three requirements. Three of them are well-known from other research domains: recording sentence reading times by button presses, methods of eye movement registration and the thinking aloud technique. The fourth, called the click & read method, was recently developed for studying the use of procedural and declarative information in software manuals. This instrument presents the manual in a paper layout on a large screen. The text is presented in blocks of comparable length and is initially blurred. Non-blurred headings above the blocks enable readers to select a block and sharpen it by clicking on it. These clicks are recorded and thus provide selection and time data. The evaluation shows that none of the four instruments is suitable for all research questions about manual use: instruments should be carefully chosen for specific research questions. Then again, all techniques have their advantages and disadvantages, some of which we are not yet certain about. Therefore, the paper concludes by arguing that a thorough analysis, comparison and further development of available and new research instruments is necessary to further facilitate and improve studies of information selection and processing

Book Review: Toshchenko Zh.T. Trauma Society: Between Evolution and Revolution (The Experience of Theoretical and Empirical Analysis). Moscow: Ves’ Mir, 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-159
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Krivosheev
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Trauma Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Research ◽  
Further Development

The review reveals the basic conceptions elaborated by one of the major Russian modern sociologists Zh.T. Toshchenko in his new research. The reviewer argues that the book’s author thoroughly examines the various methodological grounds for identifying the essential characteristics of social dynamics. At the same time, the reviewer focuses on the further development of the theory of modern society, proposed by the book’s author. Thus, Zh.T. Toshchenko, who spent many years researching social deformations, formulates an important concept – the concept of a society of trauma as the third modality of social development along with evolution and revolution. The book offers a fundamentally new view of social life, there is a holistic, systematic approach to all its processes and phenomena. The reviewer concludes that the new book of the social theorist Zh.T. Toshchenko is a significant contribution to sociological theory, since it develops ideas about the state and prospects of Russian society, gives accurate assessments of all social processes.

PERDAGANGAN ETHEREUM DI INDODAX EXCHANGE DALAM PERSFEKTIF SYARIAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Khoirul Umam
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Asset ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Financial Transactions

In view of Islamic law Ethereum as a digital asset that is traded in cyberspace.The value of cryptocurrency surges and fluctuates, it is influenced by buying and selling demand. Indodax exchange is an official digital asset site in Indonesia that trades more than 40 digital currencies.The purpose of this study is to analyze whether cryptocurrency is worthy of value as money having a certain value, and also seen from the Indonesian government through Bank Indonesia has issued regulation No. 16/8/PBI/2014, which explicitly prohibits the use of bitcoin, Ethereum and altcoin for use in financial transactions in cash. So that raises research questions how the cryptocurrency law in the form of coin ethereum in Islamic law. The results of this study explain ethereum has advantages and disadvantages. Among its advantages is that users can use exchanges or transactions without a third service (bank), and can be traded at merchandise stores.However, ethereum losses are more frequent, such as fluctuating values each time, not listed as commodities, not watched by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), they present elements of gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling) or (betting), which are used for money laundering and purchase of illegal drugs.Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Ethereum, Digital asset

Beyond DNA-targeting in Cancer Chemotherapy. Emerging Frontiers- A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N Mbugua ◽  
L.W Njenga ◽  
R.A Odhiambo ◽  
S.O Wandiga ◽  
M.O Onani
Keyword(s):  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Active Centre ◽  
Dna Targeting ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Target Dna ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
New Research ◽  
Innovative Drugs

: Modern anticancer drugs target DNA specifically on rapid division of malignant cells. One downside of this approach is that they also target other rapidly dividing healthy cells such as those involved in hair growth leading to serious toxic side effects and hair loss. Therefore, it would be better to develop novel agents that address cellular signalling mechanisms unique to cancerous cells, and new research is now focussing on such approaches. Although the classical chemotherapy area involving DNA as the set target continues to produce important findings, nevertheless, a distinctly discernible emerging trend is the divergence from the cisplatin operation model that uses the metal as the primary active centre of the drug. Many successful anti-cancer drugs present are associated with elevated toxicity levels. Cancers also develop immunity against most therapies and the area of cancer research can therefore be seen as an area with a high unaddressed need. Hence, ongoing work into cancer pathogenesis is important to create accurate preclinical tests which can contribute to the development of innovative drugs to manage and treat cancer. Some of the emergent frontiers utilizing different approaches include nanoparticles delivery, use of quantum dots, metal complexes, tumour ablation, magnetic hypothermia and hyperthermia by use of Superparamagnetic Iron oxide Nanostructures, pathomics and radiomics, laser surgery and exosomes. This review summarizes these new approaches in good detail giving critical views with necessary comparisons. It also delves into what they carry for the future including their advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals Swarm Robotic Interactions in an Open and Cluttered Environment: A Survey

Designs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Maxime Vaidis ◽  
Martin J.-D. Otis
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Cluttered Environment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Population Migrations ◽  
New Research ◽  
Interaction Strategy ◽  
Crowded Environment

Recent population migrations have led to numerous accidents and deaths. Little research has been done to help migrants in their journey. For this reason, a literature review of the latest research conducted in previous years is required to identify new research trends in human-swarm interaction. This article presents a review of techniques that can be used in a robots swarm to find, locate, protect and help migrants in hazardous environment such as militarized zone. The paper presents a swarm interaction taxonomy including a detailed study on the control of swarm with and without interaction. As the interaction mainly occurs in cluttered or crowded environment (with obstacles) the paper discussed the algorithms related to navigation that can be included with an interaction strategy. It focused on comparing algorithms and their advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals The Potential of Satellite Imagery for Surveying Whales

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Caroline Höschle ◽  
Hannah C. Cubaynes ◽  
Penny J. Clarke ◽  
Grant Humphries ◽  
Alex Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Automated Detection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Further Development

The emergence of very high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery (less than 1 m spatial resolution) is creating new opportunities within the fields of ecology and conservation biology. The advancement of sub-meter resolution imagery has provided greater confidence in the detection and identification of features on the ground, broadening the realm of possible research questions. To date, VHR imagery studies have largely focused on terrestrial environments; however, there has been incremental progress in the last two decades for using this technology to detect cetaceans. With advances in computational power and sensor resolution, the feasibility of broad-scale VHR ocean surveys using VHR satellite imagery with automated detection and classification processes has increased. Initial attempts at automated surveys are showing promising results, but further development is necessary to ensure reliability. Here we discuss the future directions in which VHR satellite imagery might be used to address urgent questions in whale conservation. We highlight the current challenges to automated detection and to extending the use of this technology to all oceans and various whale species. To achieve basin-scale marine surveys, currently not feasible with any traditional surveying methods (including boat-based and aerial surveys), future research requires a collaborative effort between biology, computation science, and engineering to overcome the present challenges to this platform’s use.

scholarly journals On route with harbor seals – how their senses contribute to orientation, navigation and foraging

Neuroforum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. A183-A195
Author(s):  
Frederike D. Hanke ◽  
Guido Dehnhardt
Keyword(s):  
Model Organism ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Harbor Seals ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Senses ◽  
New Research

Summary Summary: Seals and sea lions are well-oriented in their habitat, the coastal regions and oceans, and are, moreover, successful hunters. During their movements between haul-out places and foraging grounds as well as during foraging, the sensory systems of seals and sea lions provide useful information, although the animals, and thus their sensory systems, face considerable challenges in their habitat and due to their amphibious lifestyle. In this review, in the first chapter, we compiled and later (chapter 4) discuss the information on the senses of seals and sea lions in general and their specific adaptations to habitat and lifestyle in particular. We hereby focus on the senses of harbor seals. Harbor seals turned into a model organism regarding the sensory systems due to intensive sensory research of the last decades. In the second and third chapter, the sensory basics are put into the context of orientation, navigation, and foraging. This allows formulating new research questions, such as where and how the information from different senses is integrated.

scholarly journals Evaluieren und Prüfen in DaF / DaZ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Grein ◽  
Ann-Katrin Fierus ◽  
Nina Jehle ◽  
Virginia Sánchez Anguix ◽  
Joshua Ziegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Digital Learning ◽  
Inverted Classroom ◽  
General Didactics ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
New Research ◽  
Further Development

Consistent evaluation is an important prerequisite for quality assurance and continuous further development in the area of DaF/DaZ. With a focus on virtual learning, this volume deals with the evaluation of the Inverted Classroom Model for the training of teachers of German as a foreign language and specifically with language learning apps. A second focus is on the evaluation of exams and tests. In addition to the medical language examination and the qualification tests of future teachers, the focus here is on examiner qualifications. The critical discussion will present suggestions for solutions as well as new research approaches. This volume does justice to the claim that theory and practice are closely intertwined. Christina Maria Ersch studied German and Scandinavian Studies in Göttingen and German as a foreign language in Mainz, where she is a research assistant. She has been teaching German as a foreign language for several years, is a certified telc examiner and conducts advanced training courses in neurodidactics and action-oriented learning. Her research interests are, among other things, in general didactics with a focus on competence-oriented, digital learning and in intercultural communication.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL OF STUDENTS’ INDEPENDENT WORK UNDER CONDITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Olena Osadcha
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Further Development

The article deals with the development of the model of students’ independent work under conditions of distance learning. The importance of the research into this problem is determined, on the one hand, by the growing possibilities of using various information technologies and, on the other hand by the necessity to adapt to the conditions of today’s world where independent work of students is becoming increasingly important. The advantages and disadvantages of distance learning have been explored. The author studied the role of independent work in the formation of the professional competences of students. The issue of modeling in the area of education has been tackled. The approaches to the development of the model of independent work have been identified and analyzed. The components of the model, such as the goal, the tasks, the content, the methods, the means and evaluation of results have been determined and characterized. The prospects of further development of this research are related to the exploration of models of independent work of students majoring in different areas.

scholarly journals Contentious Episodes in the Age of Austerity

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Narrative Approaches ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Research

Based on extensive data and analysis of sixty contentious episodes in twelve European countries, this book proposes a novel approach that takes a middle ground between narrative approaches and conventional protest event analysis. Looking particularly at responses to austerity policies in the aftermath of the Great Recession (2008–2015), the authors develop a rigorous conceptual framework that focuses on the interactions between three types of participants in contentious politics: governments, challengers, and third parties. This approach allows political scientists to map not only the variety of actors and actor coalitions that drove the interactions in the different episodes, but also the interplay of repression/concessions/support and of mobilization/cooperation/mediation on the part of the actors involved in the contention. The methodology used will enable researchers to answer old (and new) research questions related to political conflict in a way that is simultaneously attentive to conceptual depth and statistical rigor.

scholarly journals Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques, Features and Obstacles in the Cataract Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Congenital Cataract ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Research

Cataract is a degenerative condition that, according to estimations, will rise globally. Even though there are various proposals about its diagnosis, there are remaining problems to be solved. This paper aims to identify the current situation of the recent investigations on cataract diagnosis using a framework to conduct the literature review with the intention of answering the following research questions: RQ1) Which are the existing methods for cataract diagnosis? RQ2) Which are the features considered for the diagnosis of cataracts? RQ3) Which is the existing classification when diagnosing cataracts? RQ4) And Which obstacles arise when diagnosing cataracts? Additionally, a cross-analysis of the results was made. The results showed that new research is required in: (1) the classification of “congenital cataract” and, (2) portable solutions, which are necessary to make cataract diagnoses easily and at a low cost.

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