The emergence of internal agreement systems

Author(s):  
Katrien Beuls ◽  
Luc Steels ◽  
Sebastian Höfer
Keyword(s):  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Bondi Johannessen ◽  
Ida Larsson

Previous studies on gender in Scandinavian heritage languages in America have looked at noun-phrase internal agreement. It has been shown that some heritage speakers have non-target gender agreement, but this has been interpreted in different ways by different researchers. This paper presents a study of pronominal gender in Heritage Norwegian and Swedish, using existing recordings and a small experiment that elicits pronouns. It is shown that the use of pronominal forms is largely target-like, and that the heritage speakers make gender distinctions. There is, however, some evidence of two competing systems in the data, and there is a shift towards a two-gender system, arguably due to koinéization.


1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-433
Author(s):  
Fred G. Hewitt ◽  
Robert L. Anthony

Abstract The fractional increase in volume accompanying the isothermal extension of soft gum rubber was measured for four rubber samples at mean extensions of 14, 33, and 51%. The chain molecular weights Mc of the four samples were 5500, 5100, 4400, and 3000, with an estimated uncertainty of about 10% in each value of Mc. The observed fractional increase in volume ranged from 3.2×10−5 to 142×10−5, the latter value being observed for the sample of lowest chain molecular weight and at the extension of 51%. The experimental results for each sample have been represented by theoretical curves based on Gee's expression for the fractional increase in volume as a function of the sample extension. The theoretical curves exhibit good agreement with those of Gee, Stern, and Treloar. The process of fitting the theoretical curves to the experimental points constituted a determination of Young's modulus E for each rubber specimen. As a check on the experimental results, and also on the theory employed, determinations of E were also made by two additional methods, namely, from rough stess-strain curves, and from the relation E=3γρRT/Mc. With one exception, the internal agreement between the three determinations of E for the four different samples was satisfactory. The exception noted can probably be ascribed to the use of too small a value of Mc for the sample of lowest chain molecular weight.


2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Curtis ◽  
Richard Frayne ◽  
Elise Fear

Consideration of information from multiple modalities has been shown to have increased diagnostic power in breast imaging. As a result, new techniques such as microwave imaging continue to be developed. Interpreting these novel image modalities is a challenge, requiring comparison to established techniques such as the gold standard X-ray mammography. However, due to the highly deformable nature of breast tissues, comparison of 3D and 2D modalities is a challenge. To enable this comparison, a registration technique was developed to map features from 2D mammograms to locations in the 3D image space. This technique was developed and tested using magnetic resonance (MR) images as a reference 3D modality, as MR breast imaging is an established technique in clinical practice. The algorithm was validated using a numerical phantom then successfully tested on twenty-four image pairs. Dice's coefficient was used to measure the external goodness of fit, resulting in an excellent overall average of 0.94. Internal agreement was evaluated by examining internal features in consultation with a radiologist, and subjective assessment concludes that reasonable alignment was achieved.


2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Coome ◽  
A. E. Goeta ◽  
J. A. K. Howard ◽  
M. R. Probert

X-ray diffraction experiments at very low temperatures require samples to be isolated from atmospheric conditions and held under vacuum. These conditions are usually maintainedviathe use of beryllium chambers, which also scatter X-rays, causing unwanted contamination of the sample's diffraction pattern. The removal of this contamination requires novel data-collection and processing procedures to be employed. Herein a new approach is described, which utilizes the differences in origin of scattering vectors from the sample and the beryllium to eliminate non-sample scattering. The programMasqueradehas been written to remove contaminated regions of the diffraction data from the processing programs. Coupled with experiments at different detector distances, it allows for the acquisition of decontaminated data. Studies of several single crystals have shown that this approach increases data quality, highlighted by the improvement in internal agreement factor with the test case of cytidine presented herein.


2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-307
Author(s):  
Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen

Abstract The Scanian dialect of Middle Danish underwent a range of changes and reductions in its case system. I argue that these changes were caused neither by phonological developments nor by language contact as often assumed, but by multiple processes of grammaticalisation. The present paper focuses on one of these factors: that the relatively predictable constituent order within the Middle Danish noun phrase made case marking redundant in its function of marking noun-phrase internal agreement between head and modifier(s). This redundancy caused the case system to undergo a regrammation where the indexical sign relations changed so that the expression of morphological case no longer indicated this noun-phrase-internal agreement, leaving only topology (as well as morphologically marked number and gender agreement) as markers of this type of agreement. This factor contributed to the subsequent degrammation of the entire case system.


2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman M. Alfuraih ◽  
Philip O'Connor ◽  
Ai Lyn Tan ◽  
Elizabeth Hensor ◽  
Paul Emery ◽  
...  

Aims: The reliability and agreement between shear wave elastography (SWE) systems using different acquisition methods in muscles is not yet established. The objectives were to determine the reliability of a new SWE system on normal resting muscles using different acquisition methods and to compare its performance to an established state-of-the-art system.Material and methods: Small, medium and large ROI sizes in addition to longitudinal, oblique and transverse orientations over five different locations within the rectus femoris muscle were tested using the new system. Results were compared to the established system to test for inter-system reproducibility.Results: Lowest within-subject coefficient of variance (4.3%) andshear wave velocity (1.83 m/s) were associated with the medium ROI and longitudinal orientation from the lateral location. This combination resulted in a strong internal agreement of intra-class correlation of 0.76 (0.57–0.89) for the new system and an almost perfect agreement of 0.92 (0.82–0.97) for the established. Inter-system reproducibility for the best combination was 0.71 (0.48–1) with a mean velocity difference ±95% limits of agreement of 0.07±0.49 m/s.Conclusions: Altering SWE acquisition methods can produce variable results. The new system produced reliable results that are comparable with but not as reliable as the established.


1983 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 232-232
Author(s):  
J. Dommanget

SummaryThe results of some first laboratory analysis of double star images recorded with a TV camera are presented.The camera – already in use since a few years for occultation-timings has been described earlier. For double star observations, the equipment has been completed by a video disc memory, a video analyser with analogic-digital converter and a small programmable calculator.Details are given about this equipment and its possibilities. The reduction method in its present state is described as well as some first results. These show a very good internal agreement leading to a high promising new observational technique.


2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-151
Author(s):  
Amare Getahun

Abstract This paper analyzes the internal structure of Argobba nominal phrase in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) formalism. Argobba is a seriously endangered Semitic language in Ethiopia. Unlike its sister languages in the Ethio-Semitic subfamily, Argobba nouns qualified by a demonstrative, possessive pronoun and genitive NP bear a definite article. It is argued in this paper that the definite article is not an independent syntactic element, but an affix, which is attached to indefinite nouns lexically. It is argued that the derivation of Argobba definite common nouns is captured by the Definite Lexical Rule (DLR). The paper also claims that the NP internal agreement of specifiers and modifiers with the head noun is accounted for by the SPEC and MOD features that impose certain constraints on the morphosyntactic features of the head noun.


2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-251
Author(s):  
Thomas Stolz
Keyword(s):  

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-231
Author(s):  
N. Scherbina ◽  
L. Potapova ◽  
I. Scherbina ◽  
O. Lipko ◽  
O. Mertsalova

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM OF PERINATAL PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS IN PREGNANT WOMEN Scherbina N., Potapova L., Scherbina I., Lipko O., Mertsalova O. Objective: to study the characteristics of the psychosomatic state of women during pregnancy using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Materials and Methods: sixty pregnant women in the III trimester of pregnancy were tested using the EPDS questionnaire, a 10-point self-assessment scale that covers the general symptoms of depression. To determine the internal consistency and reliability of this scale, the Cronbach alpha indicator, a statistical indicator that allows evaluation of whether the features included in the questionnaire measure the same thing (high internal agreement), or different things (low internal agreement), was calculated. Results: Subjectively, all pregnant women noted  simplicity, unambiguity and clear wording of the questions, which indicated good acceptability of this questionnaire for the use in the complex of standard monitoring of pregnant women in an antenatal clinic. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.775, which corresponds to a sufficient degree of consistency of the internal elements of the scale. Screening for depressive disorders using EPDS during pregnancy revealed psychosomatic problems of the perinatal period. Data obtained using this scale demonstrate high rates of depressive manifestations in pregnant women. Psychopathological disorders were detected in 40% of women, while in 23% the symptoms of the current "major" depression were identified. The frequency of development of depressive symptoms increases significantly in the presence of a high obstetric risk, characteristic of the current pregnancy (threat of premature birth, hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, intrauterine infection of the fetus, retardation of the fetus development), as well as compromised obstetric and gynecological history. EPDS can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool to prevent pregnancy-related adverse outcomes. Conclusions: identifying the risk factors of pregnancy, screening and examining psychosomatic symptoms with EPDS, and timely referral for psychiatric care are key issues for reducing the risk among women with psychosomatic disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Keywords: pregnancy, psychosomatic disorders, Edinburgh postpartum depression scale.   Абстракт. СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ПРОБЛЕМИ ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНИХ ПСИХОСОМАТИЧНИХ РОЗЛАДІВ У ВАГІТНИХ. Щербина М., Потапова Л., Щербина I., Ліпко О., Мерцалова О. Мета дослідження: вивчити особливості психосоматичного стану жінок під час вагітності з використанням Единбурзької шкали післяпологової депресії (EPDS). Матеріали і методи: проведено тестування за опитувальником EPDS 60 вагітних жінок в III триместрі вагітності. EPDS є шкалою самооцінки, складається з 10 пунктів охоплює загальну симптоматику депресії. Для визначення внутрішньої узгодженості і надійності зазначеної шкали розраховувався показник альфа Кронбаха, статистичний показник, що дозволяє оцінити вимірюють чи ознаки, що входять в опитувальник одне і те ж (висока внутрішня згода, або різні речі (низький внутрішній згоду). Результати дослідження: суб'єктивно все вагітні відзначали простоту, однозначність і зрозумілу формулювання питань, що свідчило про хорошу прийнятності даного опитувальника для застосування в комплексі стандартного спостереження за вагітними в жіночій консультації. Значення коефіцієнта альфа Кронбаха склало 0,775, що відповідає достатньому ступені узгодженості внутрішніх елементів шкали. Проведений скринінг на наявність депресивних розладів за допомогою EPDS під час вагітності дозволив виявити психосоматичні проблеми перинатального періоду. Дані, отримані на основі застосування цієї шкали демонструють високі показники присутності депресивних проявів у вагітних жінок. Психопатологічні розлади виявлено у 40% жінок, при цьому у 23% визначені симптоми поточної «великої» депресії. Частота розвитку депресивних симптомів значно підвищується при наявності високого акушерського ризику, характерного для поточної вагітності (загроза передчасних пологів, гіпертензивні порушення під час вагітності, внутрішньоутробне інфікування плода, ретардація плода), а також обтяженого акушерського і гінекологічного анамнезів. EPDS може бути використана як надійний діагностичний інструмент для попередження несприятливих наслідків, пов'язаних з вагітністю. Висновок: виявлення факторів ризику  вагітності, скринінг і вивчення психосоматичних симптомів у вагітних із використанням  EPDS, а також своєчасне направлення для надання психіатричної допомоги, є ключовими питаннями зниження ризику серед жінок з психосоматичними розладами під час вагітності та в післяпологовому періоді. Ключові слова: вагітність, психосоматичні розлади, Единбурзька шкала післяродової депресії.    Абстракт СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНЫХ ПСИХОСОМАТИЧЕСКИХ  РАССТРОЙСТВ У БЕРЕМЕННЫХ. Щербина Н., Потапова Л., Щербина И., Липко О., Мерцалова О. Цель исследования: изучить особенности психосоматического состояния женщин во время беременности с использованием Эдинбургской шкалы послеродовой депрессии (EPDS).Материалы и методы: проведено тестирование по опроснику EPDS 60 беременных женщин в III триместре беременности. EPDS является шкалой самооценки, состоит из 10 пунктов и охватывает общую симптоматику депрессии. Для определения внутренней согласованности и надежности указанной шкалы рассчитывался показатель альфы Кронбаха, статистический показатель, позволяющий оценить измеряют ли признаки, входящие в опросник одно и то же (высокое внутреннее согласие, или разные вещи (низкое внутреннее согласие). Результаты исследования: Субьективно все беременные отмечали простоту, однозначность и понятную формулировку вопросов, что свидетельствовало о хорошей приемлемости данного опросника для применения в комплексе стандартного наблюдения за беременными в женской консультации. Значение коэффициента альфа Кронбаха составило 0,775, что соответствует достаточной степени согласованности внутренних элементов шкалы. Проведенный скрининг на наличие депрессивных расстройств с помощью EPDS во время беременности позволил выявить психосоматические проблемы перинатального периода. Данные, полученныена основе применения этой шкалы демонстрируют высокие показатели присутствия депрессивных проявлений у беременных женщин. Психопатологические расстройства выявлены у 40% женщин, при этом у 23% определены симптомы текущей «большой» депрессии. Частота развитии депрессивных симптомов значительно повышается при наличии высокого акушерского риска, характерного для текущей беременности (угроза преждевременных родов, гипертензивные нарушения во время беременности, внутриутробное инфицирование плода, ретардация плода), а также отягощенного акушерского и гинекологического анамнезов. EPDSможет быть использована как надежный диагностический инструмент для предотвращения неблагоприятных исходов, связанных с беременностью. Заключение: выявление факторов риска беременности и родов, скрининг и изучение психосоматических симптомов cиспользованием EPDS, а также своевременное направление для оказания психиатрической помощи, являются ключевыми вопросами снижения риска среди женщин с психосоматическими расстройствами во время беременности и в послеродовом периоде. Ключевые слова: беременность, психосоматические расстройства, Эдинбургская шкала послеродовой депрессии.


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