Eucalyptus Digestibility and Digestible Energy Requirements of Adult Male Koalas, Phascolarctos Cinereus (Marsupialia).

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Ullrey ◽  
PT Robinson ◽  
PA Whetter
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Acid

Three adult male koalas were individually fed on a diet of Eucalyptus melliodora, E. robusta and E. sideroxylon plus trace mineral salt and water to appetite. Fresh browse was offered daily for 14 days before and 7 days during quantitative collection of faeces. Samples of browse representing plant parts consumed were collected, and acid lignin ratio techniques were used to estimate nutrient digestibility. Apparent digestibility of DM was 54-70%, gross energy 47-64%, crude protein 32-50%, ether extract 37-50%, neutral detergent fibre 23-57% and acid detergent fibre 9-55%. Total faecal acid lignin excretion was used to estimate digestible energy (DE) intake. Since bodyweights (W) were maintained during the study, daily DE requirements for adult maintenance were estimated to range from 257 to 411 kJ/W0.75. If an 87% recovery in the faeces of dietary acid lignin was assumed, estimated DE requirements for adult maintenance ranged from 312 to 439 kJ/W0.75. These values are lower than commonly accepted interspecific values for eutherians but are consistent with evidence that the koala has a relatively low basal metabolic rate.

Composition of Preferred and Rejected Eucalyptus Browse Offered to Captive Koalas, Phascolarctos Cinereus (Marsupialia).

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Ullrey ◽  
PT Robinson ◽  
PA Whetter
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Calcium Iron

Browse representing 1.5 m of terminal growth from 11 species of Eucalyptus shoots or mature tree limbs was divided into portions which were either consumed or rejected by captive koalas. The following nutrient concentrations (dry basis) were found in preferred browse: crude protein, 5.9-17.8%; ether extract, 5.5-19.2%; neutral detergent fibre, 16.8-37.5%; ash, 3.2-5.6%; remaining proximate fraction [(dry matter) - (crude protein + ether extract + neutral detergent fibre + ash)], 31.7-64.8%; calcium, 0.28-1.95%; phosphorus, 0.08-0.42%; sodium, 0.03-1.29%; potassium, 0.30-2.06%; magnesium, 0.12-0.44%; iron, 67-274 ppm; copper, 2.1-15.8 ppm; zinc, 17-54 ppm; and selenium, 0.03-0.42 ppm. Preferred browse, as compared to rejected browse, had significantly higher concentrations of crude protein, remaining proximate fraction, phosphorus and potassium, and significantly lower concentrations of ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, permanganate lignin, gross energy, calcium, iron and selenium.

scholarly journals Effects of copper hydroxychloride and distillers dried grains with solubles on intestinal microbial concentration and apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients by growing pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 4904-4911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine D Espinosa ◽  
R Scott Fry ◽  
Matthew E Kocher ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Gross Energy

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride improves nutrient digestibility and alters the concentration of microbial protein in the small intestine or large intestine by pigs fed a corn-soybean meal diet or a diet based on corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Twenty-four barrows (33.3 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of DDGS (0% or 45%) and 2 levels of supplemental Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 150 mg/kg). A 2-period switch back design with the 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet in each period was used resulting in 12 replicate pigs per diet for the 2 periods. The initial 9 d of each period was considered an adaptation period to the experimental diets. For each period, feces were collected on days 10, 11, and 12, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 13 and 14. Results indicated that inclusion of 45% DDGS to diets reduced (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and the AID and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein. In contrast, inclusion of DDGS to diets increased (P < 0.05) the AID and the ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and the concentration of microbial protein in the hindgut (P < 0.05). However, the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in ileal digesta and in feces from pigs fed the DDGS diets were not different from concentrations in pigs fed diets without DDGS. The AID and ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein were not affected by dietary Cu concentrations, but the AID and ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract were greater (P < 0.05) in diets supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride compared with diets without Cu hydroxychloride. There was also a reduction (P < 0.05) in the concentration of microbial protein and a tendency for a reduction (P < 0.10) in the total concentration of VFA in feces when diets were supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved AID and ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and reduced the concentration of microbial protein in the large intestine and this effect was observed in diets containing DDGS as well as in diets without DDGS.

scholarly journals Comparison of methods for determination of nutrient digestibility of a dry kibble diet for ocelots

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson L. de Carvalho ◽  
Vladimir de Oliveira ◽  
Wanderlei de Moraes ◽  
Zalmir S. Cubas ◽  
Alcides R. Rinaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Leopardus Pardalis ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Usual Diet

In this experiment, methods of total fecal collection (TFC) and internal markers (acid-insoluble ash - AIA, crude fiber - CF, and acid-detergent fiber - ADF) were compared for determination of the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), and gross energy (GE) of commercial feline dry kibble for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Six adult animals, weighing 12.45±1.37 kg, gradually received experimental kibble in their usual diet until the beginning of the experiment and were submitted to an adaptation period ten days prior to the collection period. CAD obtained by TFC, AIA, CF, and ADF were, respectively, 73.7, 76.83, 62.01, and 46.03% for dry matter; 81.9, 84.8, 75.8, and 63.8% for crude protein; 85, 86.7, 78.5, and 69.1% for ether extract; 78.52, 79.55, 69.11, and 53.04% for nitrogen-free extracts; and 80.5, 82.2, 71.4, and 58.4% for gross energy. The AIA method showed to be efficient in determining coefficients of apparent digestibility and may contribute to investigations on the digestibility of diets for wild felines. In comparison to the items of ocelot's usual diet, the kibble used in this paper provided an adequate nutritional supply with reduced daily costs per animal.

scholarly journals Effects of fibre source on nutrient digestibility of diets for finishing lambs

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Macdonald ◽  
O.B. Einkamerer ◽  
A. Hugo ◽  
A. Lepori ◽  
G.C. Josling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ram Lambs

Inexpensive fibre sources might be used as an alternative to lucerne hay in diets for finishing lambs. Thus, effects of providing fibre from lucerne hay (LH), soyhulls (SH), maize stover (MS) and Eragrostis teff hay (ET) on the nutrient digestibility of diets of finishing lambs with comparable NDF and nutrient concentration were evaluated. Thirty-six individually housed Merino ram lambs (x̄ = 43.03, SD = 3.72 kg) were randomly allocated to four diets (n = 9 lambs/treatment). A digestibility study was conducted to determine the nutrient availability of these diets. Dry matter (DM) intake of SH (1436 g) was lower than ET (1716 g). No differences were recorded between treatments for digestibility of NDF (0.32 - 0.34), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (0.41 - 0.44), and ether extract (EE) (0.67 - 0.75), except that MS (0.23) had lower NDF digestibility. Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) were similar for the LH (0.72; 0.75; 0.96) and SH (0.70; 0.74; 0.95) diets, whereas digestibility of crude protein (CP) (0.71 vs. 0.68), metabolizable energy (ME) (9.49 vs. 8.90 MJ/kg DM), and the available ash fraction (0.39 vs. 0.28) were altered. The SH and ET (8.70 MJ/kg DM) treatments had similar ME concentrations, but ET had lower DM digestibility (0.68). The MS treatment had the lowest ME concentration (8.25 MJ/kg DM). The LH treatment resulted in overall better nutrient availability compared with SH, MS, and ET.

scholarly journals Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Jorge Victor Ludke ◽  
Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

Supplementary effect of concentrate feed on the performance and nutrient digestibility of Cane-Rats (Thryonomys Swinderianus) fed a basal diet of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpurеuт)

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
A. A. Taiwo ◽  
A. J. Fayenuwo ◽  
A. K. Omole ◽  
E. A. Adebowale ◽  
J. B. Fapohunda
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Concentrate Treatment ◽  
Average Body

A study was conducted to the determine the effects of concentrate supplimentation on performance and nutrient digestibility in cane-rats/grasscutters. There were initiall three treatments: 0%, 10% and 20% concentrate supplementation onas fed basis to a basal elephant grass diet. Fifteen weaned cane-rats with average body weights of 1150g(士365.40) were randomly assigned to the three treatments based on weight and sex. The growth study was conducted for eight weeks. A nutrient digestibility study was also conducted using three grasscutters per treatment. The cane-rats fes 20% supplementary concentrate gained more weight than those offered 10% concentrate feed. Crude protein was better (p<0.05) digested by cane-rats on 20% concentrate feed whereas, ash and ether extract digestibility were better on 10% concentrate feed. The 0% concentrate treatment was terminated because three of the cane-rats(68% mortality) died within three weeks of the study. It is recomendedfrom this study that cane-rats fed a basal grass diet should be supplemented with 20% concentrate on as fed basis

Effects of dietary spray-dried plasma protein on nutrient digestibility and growth performance in nursery pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Seung Hyung Lee ◽  
Beob Gyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract The objectives were to determine the digestible energy and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and to determine growth performance (Exp. 2) of 2 sources of dietary spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve nursery barrows (9.8 ± 0.9 kg) were assigned to a quadruplicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with 3 diets and 2 periods. Each period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, 2 days of fecal sampling, and 2 days of ileal collection. A basal diet was composed of corn, soybean meal, whey, and sucrose as the sole energy and AA sources. Experimental diets were prepared by replacing 15% of the energy and AA sources in the basal diet with SDPP 1 (manufactured in the USA; 78.2% crude protein and 4,862 kcal gross energy/kg as-is) or SDPP 2 (manufactured in Korea; 74.3% crude protein and 4,636 kcal gross energy/kg as-is). Spray-dried plasma protein 1 had greater digestible energy (P &lt; 0.05), but less (P &lt; 0.05) standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr compared with SDPP 2. In Exp. 2, eighty-four nursery pigs (7.9 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicate pens and 4 pigs per pen. Three corn-soybean meal-whey-based diets contained fish meal (6% and 3.5% for d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28, respectively), SDPP 1 (4.5% and 2.7%), or SDPP 2 (5.0% and 3.0%) to maintain same energy and nutrient concentrations. During d 0 to 14 and overall period, pigs fed the diets containing SDPP gained more weight (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed the fish meal diet with no difference between 2 SDPP sources. In conclusion, SDPP 1 contains greater digestible energy but less AA digestibility compared with SDPP 2. Growth-promoting effects of both SDPP sources in nursery diets have been clearly demonstrated in this work.

scholarly journals Feed Utilisation Efficiency of Lupin Inclusion in Cobia: Role of Dietary Organic Selenium Supplementation

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Duc Pham ◽  
Ravi Fotedar ◽  
Chau Minh Nguyen ◽  
Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddik
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feed Utilisation ◽  
Kernel Meal ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency

The dietary selenium (Se) requirement has been determined for cobia Rachycentron canadum using purified diet; however, its role in the utilisation of plant-derived ingredients has not been evaluated in the species. Therefore, a 3 x 2 factorial experimental design involving three inclusion levels (0, 210 and 315 g/kg) of lupin Lupinus angustifolius kernel meal (LKM) and two concentrations (0 and 0.8 mg/kg) of Se was used to evaluate the effects of Se supplementation in conjunction with LKM on the growth, feed utilisation and physiological responses in the cobia. Six isonitrogenous (46.5 % crude protein) and isoenergetic (21 MJ/kg gross energy) diets were formulated and fed to cobia for 7 weeks in a flow-through seawater system. The results showed significant effects of Se supplementation and its interaction with dietary lupin on the growth and feed efficiency of cobia. Se supplementation significantly improved the growth and feed utilisation efficiency in cobia fed lupin-based diets. The nutrient digestibility of fish fed supplemental Se lupin-based diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed diets without Se supplementation at each inclusion level of LKM. There were no significant effects of dietary Se supplementation on the survival, muscle composition or muscle amino acids, whereas regression analysis indicated a positive linear relationship between tissue Se accumulation and dietary Se levels. An enhancement of haematological responses was also observed in cobia fed Se-supplemented diets. In summary, cobia fed lupin-based diets required higher dietary Se supplementation for higher feed utilisation efficiency than previously quantified for the casein-based diet.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VARYING CONCENTRATE: GRASS HAY RATIOS ON FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY BY GROWING WEST AFRICAN FOREST SHEEP

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
I. O. A. Adeleye ◽  
U. J. Ikhatua
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
West African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Gross Energy

Twelve ram lambs of the West African Forest type of between 15.7 and 24.6 kg were divided into four groups of 3 animals each. A group was assigned to one of four diets consisting of the following concentrate: grass hay ratios - 20 : 80 (A), 40 : 60 (B), 60 : 40 (C) and 80 : 20 (D). Feed intake, nutrient digestibilities and efficiency of feed utilization were measured. As the level of concentrate increased, the contents of crude protein ether extract, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and gross energy of the diets increased, while the crude fibre and ash contents decreased almost linearly. Voluntary feed intake increased with increasing levels of concentrate, with diet C having a significantly higher (P 0.01) Relative Intake (RI) value than the other diets. Both the Nutritive Value Index (NVI) and Digestible Energy (DE) intake values were significantly higher (P. 0.01) in diets C and D than the other diets. Generally, the digestion coefficients for the gross energy, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract increased with increasing levels of concentrate, the values being significantly higher (P 0.01) in diets C and D, while diet A showed a significantly lower (P 0.05) dry matter digestion coefficient value when compared with either diets. Although a similar trend was observed in the digestion coefficient for ether extract, the differences were not significant (P 0.05). With the exception of animals on diet C which had the highest daily weight gains, average daily weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization increased with successive substitution of concentrate for grass hay.

scholarly journals Apparent digestibility of juveniles of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus fed diets with different protein levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e52236
Author(s):  
Cesar Augusto Alves Gonçalves ◽  
Jackson Pantoja-Lima ◽  
Márcia Regina Fragoso Machado-Bussons ◽  
João Paulo Ferreira Rufino
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Four Levels

The objective of the present study was to determine the apparent digestibility of juveniles of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus fed diets with different levels of protein. The experimental design was completely randomized, where the treatments consisted of four levels of protein in the diets (28, 32, 36 and 40%) and five replicates (water boxes) with 10 juveniles of matrinxã each. Diets were offered four times a day, and feces were collected twice a week, along 28 days, for digestibility analysis. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% significance. Differences (p<0.05) were observed in dry matter digestibility, with higher digestibility according to increasing levels of protein in the diets. This behavior was directly expressed in the digestibility of nutrients by juveniles of matrinxã, such as % ash, % crude protein, apparent digestible energy, % digestibility of apparent digestible energy and energy: protein ratio. However, this was not observed (p > 0.05) in the digestibility of % ether extract. Digestibility of N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn presented linear positive (p < 0.05) behavior, in which the use of these minerals increased with the increase in the level of protein in the diets. However, the digestibility of K, Fe and Mn reduced (p < 0.05) with increasing protein levels in the diets. Thus, it can be concluded that the rise in protein level in diets for juveniles of matrinxã improves nutrient digestibility. The results of this study indicated that 40% crude protein in the diets provided better results.

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