Nitrogen and Sulphur Retention and Fibre Digestion by Euros, Red Kangaroos and Sheep.

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Quality Diet

Retention of nitrogen and sulphur, and digestion of various carbohydrate fractions, were measured in euros, red kangaroos and sheep, fed three different quality roughages in an experiment of three 3 by 3 latin squares. Sheep ate more dry matter (DM) and digestible energy (DE) per unit metabolic body weight than the euros or red kangaroos, but there were no significant differences in DM intakes between euros and red kangaroos. Despite lower DE intakes, euros lost less weight on the poor-quality diet than sheep. The euros digested more DM and consumed more DE than the red kangaroos, which lost more weight than either the euros or the sheep on the poor-quality diet. Maintenance energy requirements were calculated to be 136, 109 and 99 kcal DE per kg W0*76 per day for the sheep, red kangaroos and euros, respectively. Digestibility of structural carbohydrates was not significantly different between sheep and euros, but both species were more efficient than the red kangaroos. Also, there were no significant differ- ences in nitrogen or sulphur balance between sheep and euros, but both retained more nitrogen and sulphur per unit metabolic body weight than red kangaroos. Faecal nitrogen and sulphur losses were similar in euros and red kangaroos, but red kangaroos excreted more nitrogen and sulphur in their urine than euros. It is concluded that the red kangaroo is less efficient than the euro or sheep in retaining nitrogen and sulphur, and in digesting fibre, when fed poor-quality roughage diets.

The utilization of roughage by sheep and the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus (Desmarest)

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
JZ Foot ◽  
B Romberg
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Food Residues

Two roughage diets, lucerne hay and oat straw, were given to three Corriedale sheep and three red kangaroos. Dry matter intakes, nitrogen balances, and body weight changes of the animals were compared, and the digestibilities of each diet by each species and the retention times of the food residues in their alimentary tracts were estimated. The kangaroos were less affected by the quality of the diet than were the sheep. The sheep ate nearly the same amount of lucerne hay and less oat straw than the kangaroos, after adjustment for body weight differences. Digestibility coefficients were higher for the lucerne hay when fed to the sheep, but apparent dry matter digestibility coefficients for oat straw were about the same for sheep and kangaroos. The mean retention times of food residues were lower in the kangaroos, and dietary nitrogen was retained to the same or a slightly lesser extent than in the sheep. The kangaroos maintained weight on the poor quality diet and appeared to be even better adapted to utilize this type of roughage than the sheep.

The utilization of roughages by sheep and kangaroos

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Forbes ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Ad Libitum

The utilization of good-quality and poor-quality roughages (lucerne hay and oat straw) by red and grey kangaroos, Megaleia rufa and Macropus giganteus, compared with sheep was investigated by means of digestibility trials in individual metabolism cages. On average the kangaroos ate slightly less per unit metabolic body weight than the sheep when fed ad libitum, but the differences were not significant. They digested a similar percentage of lucerne dry matter but digested straw much less well, mainly because of their poor ability to digest crude fibre. When nitrogen intakes were low, with the straw diet, the kangaroos retained nitrogen less well than sheep although the digestibility of the crude protein was similar for kangaroos and sheep. The kangaroos appeared to have relatively low energy and nitrogen requirements, probably because of their low metabolic rate, and their weight losses were similar to sheep on the poor-quality diet despite much lower digestible dry matter intakes per unit metabolic body weight. There were no differences between red and grey kangaroos in dry matter digestibilities, nitrogen metabolism, or rate of passage.

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

scholarly journals Energy Requirement and Food Intake Behaviour in Young Adult Intact Male Cats with and without Predisposition to Overweight

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Wichert ◽  
Julia Trossen ◽  
Daniel Uebelhart ◽  
Marcel Wanner ◽  
Sonja Hartnack
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Feeding Station ◽  
Condition Score

Obesity is a common problem in cats. In the experimental cat family of the institute of animal nutrition besides a “normal” lean phenotype, cats with predisposition to an overweight phenotype are present. To investigate energy requirements and food intake behaviour of intact male cats of different phenotypes, six “normal” lean cats (GL) and six cats disposed to overweight (GO) were used. At the beginning of the experiment, all cats had an ideal body condition score of 5. To reach this the GO cats had to pass a weight-loss program. Energy requirements of the cats were determined using respiration chambers, whereas the amount and frequency of food intake was measured with a feeding station recording the data automatically. Energy requirement at weight constancy of the GO cats was even on fat-free mass (FFM) significantly (P=0.02) lower (162.6 kJ/kg FFM/d) than that of the “normal” lean cats (246 kJ/kg FFM/d). The GO cats also showed a higher food intake34.5±1.5 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67compared to the GL cats (24.0±2.1 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67)(P=0.001). In conclusion quantifiable differences in food intake and behaviour in cats predisposed to overweight compared to “normal” lean cats were found.

Macropods, feral goats, sheep and cattle: 1. Equivalency in how much they eat

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester Pahl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Selective Foraging ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Digesta Passage

The extent to which goats and cattle eat equivalent amounts of forage as sheep has been based on their maintenance energy requirements (MERs) relative to a 50kg wether or dry ewe, known as a dry sheep equivalent (DSE). As such, a 50kg goat was considered 1 DSE and a 450kg steer as 7–8 DSE. In comparison, the DSE of macropods has been based on their basal metabolic rate (BMR) or energy expenditure of grazing (EEg) relative to those of sheep, with a 50kg macropod thought to be 0.7 and 0.45 DSE respectively. Based on published energy requirements of goats, macropods and cattle relative to sheep, their DSE values are estimated to be 1.2, 1.0 and 7.6 respectively. However, relative energy requirements may not be the same as relative dry matter intakes (DMIs), due to differences in forage quality, the structure of digestive tracts and selective foraging capabilities. Allometric equations that predict DMI were developed from published liveweights and intakes of sheep, goats, macropods and cattle. Given DMIs when fed high-quality forage, a 50kg goat was 1 DSE, a 50kg macropod was 0.7 DSE and a 450kg steer was 7.6 DSE. Their DMIs were depressed by 35–50% when fed low-quality forage, but a goat remained as 1 DSE, macropods increased to 1.0 DSE and cattle increased to 8.3 DSE. The capacity of macropods to maintain relatively higher DMIs of low-quality forage than sheep is probably due of their faster digesta passage rates and more expandable stomachs. These DMIs of animals provided ad-libitum quantities of similar forages in small pens are likely to differ from their DMIs when selectively grazing heterogeneous rangeland pastures. Under these conditions, sheep select higher-quality diets than cattle, and kangaroos select higher-quality diets than sheep, which increase the relative DMIs of the smaller herbivores. For this reason, a 50kg macropod is likely to be 1 DSE and consume twice as much forage than previously assumed.

Effect of pattern of energy intake during pregnancy and lactation on sow performance and productivity

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Pauline A. Lee ◽  
W.H. Close
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Component ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Short And Long Term

There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that the ARC (1981) factorial estimates of the energy requirements of the sow during pregnancy are too high, due, possibly, to an over-estimation of the maintenance energy component (MEm). Revised values, based on an MEm value of 439 KJ ME/kg0.75, have therefore been calculated and the present experiment was designed to test these new estimates. An additional feature of the experiment is to determine whether variations in feed intake during lactation have an effect on the utilization of energy in subsequent pregnancies for maternal body weight gain. Since the experiment will be conducted over 4 parities it will be interesting to determine whether variations in feed intake during both pregnancy and lactation influence short- and long-term sow performance.

scholarly journals Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chrisp ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Predicting dry matter intake using conceptual models for cattle kept under tropical and subtropical conditions1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3727-3740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A Bateki ◽  
Uta Dickhoefer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Modified Model ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cattle Systems

Abstract Using empirical models to predict voluntary dry matter intake (VDMI) of cattle across production systems in the (Sub-)Tropics often yields VDMI estimates with low adequacy (i.e., accuracy and precision). Thus, we investigated whether semimechanistic conceptual mathematical models (CMM) developed for cattle in temperate areas could be adopted and adjusted to adequately predict VDMI of stall-fed cattle in the (Sub-)Tropics. The CMM of Conrad et al. (1964) (C1) and Mertens (1987) (M1) were identified and adopted for their simplicity in reflecting physicophysiological VDMI regulation. Both CMM use 2 equations that estimate the physiologically and physically regulated VDMI and retain the lower VDMI prediction as actual VDMI. Furthermore, C1 was modified by increasing the daily average fecal dry matter output from 0.0107 to 0.0116 kg/kg body weight, yielding the modified model C2. For M1, the daily neutral detergent fiber intake capacity was increased from 0.012 to 0.0135 kg/kg body weight and the daily metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance from 0.419 to 0.631 MJ/kg0.75 body weight, whereas the metabolizable energy requirements for gain was reduced from 32.5 to 24.3 MJ/kg body weight gain, yielding the modified model M2. Last, also the mean of the physically and physiologically regulated VDMI rather than the lower of both estimates was retained as actual VDMI to generate the models C3 (from C1), C4 (from C2), M3 (from M1), and M4 (from M2). The 8 CMM were then evaluated using a data set summarizing results from 52 studies conducted under (sub)tropical conditions. The mean bias, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to evaluate adequacy and robustness of all CMM. The M4, C2, and C1 were the most adequate CMM [i.e., lowest mean biases (0.07, −0.22, and 0.14 kg/animal and day, respectively), RMSEP (1.62, 1.93, and 2.0 kg/animal and day, respectively), and CCC (0.91, 0.86, and 0.85, respectively)] and robust of the 8 CMM. Hence, CMM can adequately predict VDMI across diverse stall-fed cattle systems in the (Sub-)Tropics. Adjusting CMM to reflect the differences in feed quality and animal physiology under typical husbandry conditions in the (Sub-)Tropics and those in temperate areas improves the adequacy of their VDMI predictions.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTATION OF CORNCOB DIETS FOR SHEEP: EFFECT OF RUMINAL OR POSTRUMINAL SUPPLY OF PROTEIN ON INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY, DIGESTA, PASSAGE AND LIVEWEIGHT CHANGES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. NDLOVU ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Fecal Output ◽  
Single Compartment Model ◽  
Digesta Passage

In trial 1, nine wethers (18 mo old; 50 kg liveweight) fitted with tubes inserted into the abomasum, were assigned to three 3 × 3 Latin squares to determine effects of supplementing a basal diet of ground corncobs with either alfalfa (30% of dry matter intake) or soy protein (60 g d−1 infused postruminally). In each period, following determination of effect of supplementation on intake, digestibility and digesta passage were determined, the latter by pulse dosing with chromium mordanted cell walls from cobs through the feed. Total dry matter intakes were increased (P < 0.05) from 780 g d−1 to 1143 g d−1 by the supplements with a corresponding improvement in liveweight gain, but there was no difference between supplements. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and cell wall were decreased (P < 0.05) by alfalfa supplementation but not by soy protein infusion; however, intakes of digestible energy were identical for both supplements. Relative to the basal diet, alfalfa increased digesta passage but not rumen fill whereas infusion of soy protein increased digesta fill in the rumen but not digesta passage. In trial 2, addition of soy protein directly to the basal diet resulted in an intake similar to alfalfa supplementation (1154 vs. 1262 g dry matter d−1 respectively). Fecal output, estimated using a single compartment model to describe digesta passage through the tract, yielded results similar to those obtained by total collection. Key words: Roughage (poor quality), abomasal infusion, chromium-mordanted cell walls, fecal output estimation

scholarly journals Effects of timing of weaning on energy utilization in primiparous beef cows and post-weaning performance of their progeny1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 1198-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aksel Wiseman ◽  
Miles Redden ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
Courtney Spencer ◽  
Ryan Reuter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Calf Performance

Abstract Early weaning is used to minimize cow nutrient requirements in situations where feed inputs are scarce or expensive. For many years, maintenance energy requirements have been assumed to be 20% greater in lactating compared with non-lactating beef cows. While not well established, maintenance energy requirements are thought to be greatest in primiparous cows and to decline with age. Consequently, early weaning primiparous cow–calf pairs should improve overall efficiency, particularly in situations where mid-to-late lactation forage or feed nutritive value is low. The objective of this study was to determine the biological efficiency of early weaning and maintenance energy requirements of lactating versus non-lactating primiparous cows. Experiments were conducted in two consecutive years using 90 primiparous cows and their calves (48 in yr 1, 42 in yr 2). Pairs were randomly assigned to one of the six pens (8 pairs/pen yr 1, 7 pairs/pen yr 2) and pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments; (1) early weaning (130 d ± 15.4; EW, n = 6) and (2) traditional weaning (226 d ± 13.1; TW, n = 6). Late lactation cow and calf performance and feed consumption were measured for 92 d (yr 1) and 100 d (yr 2). Cows were limit-fed to meet maintenance requirements, while calves were offered ad libitum access to the same diet in a creep-feeding area. Calves were not allowed access to the cows’ feed. Cow feed intake, body condition score, body weight (BW), milk yield and composition, and calf body weight gain and creep feed intake were recorded. After accounting for lactation and retained energy, there was a trend for greater maintenance energy requirements of lactating primiparous cows (P = 0.07). From the early weaning date to traditional weaning date, calf average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for TW calves. Feed and energy efficiency of the pair was improved for the TW system (P &lt; 0.01). Greater ADG were reported for EW calves during the stocker period (P = 0.03), but there were no differences during the finishing period (P &gt; 0.40). At harvest, BW was greater (P = 0.02) and gain to feed ratio tended (P = 0.06) to be improved for TW calves. The increased TW calf performance offset the additional maintenance costs of their lactating dams, resulting in the TW system converting total feed energy to kilograms of calf BW gain more efficiently.

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