scholarly journals Studies on the Queensland lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft). 3. Aerial respiration in relation to habits.

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Grigg
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Respiratory Organ ◽  
Pumping Rate ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Active Fish

Field observations made on the Mary and Burnett rivers in Queensland show that seasonal stagnancy and deoxygenation are unlikely to be factors accounting for the air-breathing habit in Neoceratodus, as current theory suggests. An alternative hypothesis that the lung is an accessory respiratory organ during active periods, was suggested by current work which showed that Neoceratodus is more active nocturnally and surfaces to take air more often at night. Respirometry studies on juvenile fish confirmed this, for the oxygen consumption of forcibly active fish prevented from surfacing while in the respirometer, was consistently lower than that of fish allowed to surface. At 25�C, active fish allowed to surface had an oxygen consumption of 0.07 ml g-l hr-l, derived from branchial respiration at a rate of 67 beats/min supplemented by use of the lung. When prevented from surfacing however the oxygen consumption fell to approximately 0.05 ml g-l hr-1, derived from gills alone, but with a branchial pumping rate of 80 beats/min. This correlation of oxygen consumption with branchial pumping emphasizes the limit placed on the fish by its gills, whereas the higher oxygen consumption exhibited by active fish allowed to surface indicates the value of the lung as an accessory respiratory organ, allowing more vigorous reaction to a stimulus than would be possible with gills only.

scholarly journals Functional conflicts between feeding and gas exchange in suspension-feeding tadpoles, Xenopus laevis

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Feder ◽  
D. B. Seale ◽  
M. E. Boraas ◽  
R. J. Wassersug ◽  
A. G. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Suspension Feeding ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Metabolic Requirement ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Hypoxic Water

Air-breathing tadpoles of Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura) use buccopharyngeal surfaces for both gas exchange and capture of food particles in the water. In dense food suspensions, tadpoles decrease ventilation of the buccopharynx and increase air breathing. The lung ventilatory frequency is elevated even though the rate of oxygen consumption is at or below resting levels, suggesting that the lung hyperventilation reflects compensation for decreased buccopharyngeal respiration rather than an increased metabolic requirement. If tadpoles in hypoxic water are prevented from breathing air, they increase buccopharyngeal respiration at the expense of feeding. Aerial respiration evidently permits the buccopharyngeal surfaces to be used primarily for food entrapment.

scholarly journals Aerial Versus Aquatic Oxygen Consumption in Larvae of the Clawed Frog, Xenopus Laevis

1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN E. FEDER ◽  
RICHARD J. WASSERSUG
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Pumping Rate ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Aquatic Respiration ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Clawed Frog

Tadpoles of Xenopus laevis Daudin can extract oxygen from both air and water. When these larvae have access to air, aerial oxygen uptake averages 16.6% of total oxygen consumption in normoxic water, and increases to 100% of net oxygen consumption in hypoxic water. Neither anaerobiosis nor increased buccopharyngeal ventilation occur in response to hypoxia. If tadpoles are prevented from surfacing to breathe air, they can maintain normal oxygen consumption through aquatic respiration alone in normoxic water, but not in hypoxic water. Unlike air-breathing larvae, exclusively water-breathing larvae respond to aquatic hypoxia by increasing their buccal pumping rate and by accumulating lactate. Even though Xenopus larvae can survive without air for many days, aerial respiration is necessary for other functions: tolerance of hypoxia, normal feeding, locomotion and buoyancy regulation.

Air-breathing during activity in the fishes amia calva and lepisosteus oculatus

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (7) ◽  
pp. 943-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G Farmer ◽  
D C Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Spotted Gar ◽  
Water Oxygen ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Amia Calva ◽  
Lepisosteus Oculatus ◽  
Air Hole

Many osteichthyan fishes obtain oxygen from both air, using a lung, and water, using gills. Although it is commonly thought that fishes air-breathe to survive hypoxic aquatic habitats, other reasons may be more important in many species. This study was undertaken to determine the significance of air-breathing in two fish species while exercising in oxygen-rich water. Oxygen consumption from air and water was measured during mild activity in bowfin (Amia calva) and spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) by sealing a fish in an acrylic flume that contained an air-hole. At 19-23 degreesC, the rate of oxygen consumption from air in both species was modest at rest. During low-level exercise, more than 50 % of the oxygen consumed by both species was from the air (53.0+/-22.9 % L. oculatus; 66.4+/-8.3 % A. calva). <P>

Aerial respiration in the catfish, Corydoras aeneus (Callichthyidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1984-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Kramer ◽  
Martha McClure
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Posterior Intestine ◽  
Partial Pressures

Corydoras aeneus uses the posterior intestine for aerial respiration. Ventilation takes place in a rapid dash to the surface. Air is inspired during the 0.06–0.07 s that the mouth is exposed; expiration occurs via the anus as the fish begins to dive. Air breathing occurs at all dissolved oxygen partial pressures [Formula: see text] from 0 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa) to at least 140 Torr, but frequency, ranging from 1–45 breaths∙h−1, is negatively correlated with [Formula: see text]. Corydoras aeneus survive at least 9 days without air breathing under normoxic conditions [Formula: see text] but below 15 Torr, only fish able to reach the surface survive. Air-breathing rates are significantly influenced by variations in depth between 10–120 cm but the pattern of response depends on [Formula: see text] and involves changes in activity.

Buoyancy and aerial respiration: factors influencing the evolution of reduced swim-bladder volume of some Central American catfishes (Trichomycteridae, Callichthyidae, Loricariidae, Astroblepidae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1030-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central American ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Respiratory Organ ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Hypoxic Water

Swim-bladder volume of nine species of Central American catfishes from four families was measured and found to be very small. In seven species it supported less than 5% of the body weight in water. Seven of the nine species were found to breathe air and the volume of gas in the accessory respiratory organ varied between species, supporting from less than 5% to more than 80% of the body weight in water. In only one of these species was there gas in the accessory respiratory organ in both normoxic and hypoxic water and only in this species did the organ have a definite hydrostatic function. The remaining air-breathing species used aerial respiration only in hypoxic water and there were differences between species in frequency of gulping for air and in partial pressure of oxygen in the water at which gulping was initiated. The evolution of a reduced swim-bladder volume appears to have been in response to a demersal mode of life.

A Functional Analysis of the Aquatic and Aerial Respiratory Movements of an African Lungfish, Protopterus Aethiopicus, With Reference to the Evolution of the Lung-Ventilation Mechanism in Vertebrates

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. MCMAHON
Keyword(s):  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
African Lungfish ◽  
Pump Mechanism ◽  
Elasmobranch Fishes ◽  
Breathing Mechanism ◽  
Respiratory Movements ◽  
Branchial Region

1. The anatomy of the head and branchial region of Protopterus has been studied by dissection and section techniques to show the relation between skeletal and muscular elements. X-ray cinematographic, pressure and electromyographic techniques have been used to show how the muscular and skeletal systems interact to produce the respiratory movements. The mechanisms involved in aquatic and aerial respiration in Protopterus have thus been elucidated. 2. The mechanisms of branchial irrigation has been shown to be basically similar to that seen in teleost and elasmobranch fishes, and also similar to that seen in larval amphibia. 3. The aerial cycle is composed of a series of aquatic-type cycles, each of which is modified slightly to serve a specific function in the aerial cycle. Inspiration occurs by a buccal force-pump mechanism. Expiration occurs by the release of compressed pulmonary gas, aided by the elasticity of the lung wall. 4. In this animal the air-breathing mechanism is derived from the aquatic mechanism. The modifications are relatively simple and produce an efficient ventilation mechanism. 5. No movements of the ribs can be seen associated with the respiratory cycles. It is suggested that the aspiratory ventilation mechanisms were not present in the prototetrapods and were not evolved until a later, more fully terrestrial stage was reached. 6. The evidence suggests that the air-breathing mechanism of the tetrapods was powered by a buccal force-pump mechanism which evolved directly from the aquatic system. The evolution of a new mechanism for lung ventilation in the prototetrapods is considered unnecessary.

Structure of an air-breathing organ and the swim bladder in the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Respiratory Organ ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Muscularis Externa

Specimens of the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean, were examined for an air-breathing organ. The swim bladder is modified for gas secretion, with rete mirabile and gas gland. However, the swim bladder lacks epithelial capillaries, as found in the mudminnows (Umbra). Further examination of the digestive tract has shown that the oesophagus is modified as an accessory respiratory organ. There is a sphincter between the oesophagus and stomach. Blood supply is from a branch of the coeliac artery, and venous blood from the oesophagus enters the anterior sections of the postcardinal veins. The blood vessels extend to the oesophageal epithelium, with an extensive arrangement of epithelial capillaries in the respiratory section of the oesophagus. The muscularis externa of the oesophagus is well developed, consisting of an outer transverse layer of striated muscle and inner longitudinal muscle bundles.

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