Anuran developmental plasticity loss: the cost of constant salinity stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Kearney ◽  
Phillip G. Byrne ◽  
Richard D. Reina
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Freshwater Wetlands ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Secondary Salinisation ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
Carry Over

In animals with a complex life cycle, changes in biotic and abiotic conditions during development can alter growth and maturation rates, causing carry-over effects in postmetamorphic phenotypes. In anurans, this developmental plasticity can result in a trade-off between length of larval period and body size at metamorphosis in stressful environments. Secondary salinisation has been identified as a substantial stressor to amphibians; however, little is known about how salinity-induced developmental plasticity differs between anuran populations. We examined differences in survival, time to metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis (mass and snout–vent length) and body condition at metamorphosis in response to elevated salinity in three populations of the brown tree frog (Litoria ewingii). Significant differences in size at metamorphosis between salinity treatments were observed in tadpoles sourced from freshwater wetlands and ephemeral wetlands, with tadpoles showing a reduced mass and snout–vent length at metamorphosis in the higher-salinity treatment. There were no significant differences in metamorphic traits between salinity treatments in tadpoles sourced from a consistently brackish wetland, suggesting either an erosion of developmental plasticity in response to elevated salinity, or the magnitude of salinity required to alter developmental traits is higher in this population. Our results indicate that environmental conditions of source populations need to be considered when studying life-history adaptations in response to environmental change.

scholarly journals Early Growth Stage Characterization and the Biochemical Responses for Salinity Stress in Tomato

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Md Sarowar Alam ◽  
Mark Tester ◽  
Gabriele Fiene ◽  
Magdi Ali Ahmed Mousa
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Tolerance Indices ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Tomato Genotypes

Salinity is one of the most significant environmental stresses for sustainable crop production in major arable lands of the globe. Thus, we conducted experiments with 27 tomato genotypes to screen for salinity tolerance at seedling stage, which were treated with non-salinized (S1) control (18.2 mM NaCl) and salinized (S2) (200 mM NaCl) irrigation water. In all genotypes, the elevated salinity treatment contributed to a major depression in morphological and physiological characteristics; however, a smaller decrease was found in certain tolerant genotypes. Principal component analyses (PCA) and clustering with percentage reduction in growth parameters and different salt tolerance indices classified the tomato accessions into five key clusters. In particular, the tolerant genotypes were assembled into one cluster. The growth and tolerance indices PCA also showed the order of salt-tolerance of the studied genotypes, where Saniora was the most tolerant genotype and P.Guyu was the most susceptible genotype. To investigate the possible biochemical basis for salt stress tolerance, we further characterized six tomato genotypes with varying levels of salinity tolerance. A higher increase in proline content, and antioxidants activities were observed for the salt-tolerant genotypes in comparison to the susceptible genotypes. Salt-tolerant genotypes identified in this work herald a promising source in the tomato improvement program or for grafting as scions with improved salinity tolerance in tomato.

Carry-over Effects of Size at Metamorphosis in Red-eyed Treefrogs: Higher Survival but Slower Growth of Larger Metamorphs

Biotropica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca D. Tarvin ◽  
Catalina Silva Bermúdez ◽  
Venetia S. Briggs ◽  
Karen M. Warkentin
Keyword(s):  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Carry Over

scholarly journals Phenomic and Physiological Analysis of Salinity Effects on Lettuce

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Adhikari ◽  
Ivan Simko ◽  
Beiquan Mou
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Leaf Transpiration ◽  
Physiological Analysis ◽  
Wild Accessions ◽  
Hoagland Nutrient Solution

Salinity is a rising concern in many lettuce-growing regions. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is sensitive to salinity, which reduces plant biomass, and causes leaf burn and early senescence. We sought to identify physiological traits important in salt tolerance that allows lettuce adaptation to high salinity while maintaining its productivity. Based on previous salinity tolerance studies, one sensitive and one tolerant genotype each was selected from crisphead, butterhead, and romaine, as well as leaf types of cultivated lettuce and its wild relative, L. serriola L. Physiological parameters were measured four weeks after transplanting two-day old seedlings into 350 mL volume pots filled with sand, hydrated with Hoagland nutrient solution and grown in a growth chamber. Salinity treatment consisted of gradually increasing concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 from 0 mM/0 mM at the time of transplanting, to 30 mM/15 mM at the beginning of week three, and maintaining it until harvest. Across the 10 genotypes, leaf area and fresh weight decreased 0–64% and 16–67%, respectively, under salinity compared to the control. Salinity stress increased the chlorophyll index by 4–26% in the cultivated genotypes, while decreasing it by 5–14% in the two wild accessions. Tolerant lines less affected by elevated salinity were characterized by high values of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm and instantaneous photosystem II quantum yield (QY), and lower leaf transpiration.

scholarly journals Climate change and freshwater ecosystems in Oceania: an assessment of vulnerability and adaptation opportunities.

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
K M Jenkins ◽  
R T Kingsford ◽  
G P Closs ◽  
B J Wolfenden ◽  
C D Matthaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Freshwater Wetlands ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Elevated Salinity

Human-forced climate change significantly threatens the world’s freshwater ecosystems, through projected changes to rainfall, temperature and sea level. We examined the threats and adaptation opportunities to climate change in a diverse selection of rivers and wetlands from Oceania (Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islands). We found common themes, but also important regional differences. In regulated floodplain rivers in dry regions (i.e. Australia), reduced flooding projected with climate change is a veneer on current losses, but impacts ramp up by 2070. Increasing drought threatens biota as the time between floods extends. Current measures addressing water allocations and dam management can be extended to adapt to climate change, with water buy-back and environmental flows critical. Freshwater wetlands along coastal Oceania are threatened by elevated salinity as sea level rises, potentially mitigated by levee banks. In mountainous regions of New Zealand, the biodiversity of largely pristine glacial and snow melt rivers is threatened by temperature increases, particularly endemic species. Australian snow melt rivers face similar problems, compounding impacts of hydro-electric schemes. Translocation of species and control of invasive species are the main adaptations. Changes to flow regime and rising water temperatures and sea levels are the main threats of climate change on freshwater ecosystems. Besides lowering emissions, reducing impacts of water consumption and protecting or restoring connectivity and refugia are key adaptations for conservation of freshwater ecosystems. Despite these clear imperatives, policy and management has been slow to respond, even in developed regions with significant resources to tackle such complex issues.

scholarly journals Developmental plasticity and the evolution of animal complex life cycles

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1540) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Minelli ◽  
Giuseppe Fusco
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Transcription Profiles ◽  
Alternative Phenotypes ◽  
Reproductive Events

Metazoan life cycles can be complex in different ways. A number of diverse phenotypes and reproductive events can sequentially occur along the cycle, and at certain stages a variety of developmental and reproductive options can be available to the animal, the choice among which depends on a combination of organismal and environmental conditions. We hypothesize that a diversity of phenotypes arranged in developmental sequence throughout an animal's life cycle may have evolved by genetic assimilation of alternative phenotypes originally triggered by environmental cues. This is supported by similarities between the developmental mechanisms mediating phenotype change and alternative phenotype determination during ontogeny and the common ecological condition that favour both forms of phenotypic variation. The comparison of transcription profiles from different developmental stages throughout a complex life cycle with those from alternative phenotypes in closely related polyphenic animals is expected to offer critical evidence upon which to evaluate our hypothesis.

scholarly journals Short- and long-term consequences of developmental saline stress: impacts on anuran respiration and behaviour

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 150640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Kearney ◽  
Phillip G. Byrne ◽  
Richard D. Reina
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Foraging Ability ◽  
Species Specific

Secondary salinization has been identified as a major stressor to amphibians. Exposure to elevated salinity necessitates physiological adjustments and biochemical changes that may be energetically demanding. As such, exposure to non-lethal levels of salinity during development could potentially alter anuran metabolic rates and individual performance in both pre- and post-metamorphic life stages. We investigated the effects of non-lethal levels of salinity on metamorphic traits (time to reach metamorphosis and metamorphic mass), tadpole oxygen consumption, escape response behaviour (pre- and post-metamorphosis) and foraging ability post-metamorphosis in two native Australian frog species, the southern brown tree frog ( Litoria ewingii ) and the striped marsh frog ( Limnodynastes peronii ). We found that both Lit. ewingii and Lim. peronii exhibited differences in metamorphic traits in response to elevated salinity. Neither species showed significant change in oxygen consumption during development in response to salinity, relative to freshwater controls. Both species displayed impaired escape response behaviours in response to salinity during larval development, but flow-on effects to adult escape response behaviours and foraging performance were species-specific. Our results show that the influence of stressors during development can have consequences for anuran physiology and behaviour at multiple life stages, and emphasize the need for studies that examine the energetics of anuran responses in order to better understand the responses of biota to stressful environments.

scholarly journals Life-history traits and the first demographic data of Iranian population of the West Asian Lemon-Yellow Tree Frog, Hyla savignyi (Audouin, 1827)

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raziyeh Alaei ◽  
Alireza Pesarakloo ◽  
Masoumeh Najibzadeh ◽  
Sayed Jamal Mirkamali
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Lemon Yellow ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Hyla Savignyi

The life-history of an organism consists of its lifetime pattern of growth, development, storage, age, and reproduction. In this study, some life-history traits of Hyla savignyi were studied in populations from different parts of Iran. The microscopic and macroscopic analysis showed that testicular activity in H. savignyi is potentially continuous, reaching its peak level in April. Metamorphosis was completed in approximately 102 days after egg deposition, and body size at metamorphosis was 10 mm. Significant sexual size dimorphism was present in all populations, and a larger female asymptotic body size was observed (43.07 mm for females vs 41.16 mm for males). The adult survival rate (S) and life expectancy (ESP) were the same for both sexes (S = 0.73 and ESP = 4.2 years). Age and body size were positively correlated with each other for both females and males. Maximum longevity was recorded to be six years in both females and males, and ages of sexual maturity were estimated to be two or three years in breeding individuals. The adult sample age ranged from two to six years (mean age of females: 4.40±0.68 years; males: 3.63±0.13 years). Our data confirm the general patterns of body size variation and mean age in anurans and show that females are larger than males and live longer.

scholarly journals Consequences of life history switch point plasticity for juvenile morphology and locomotion in theTúngara frog

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie F. Charbonnier ◽  
James R. Vonesh
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Larval Amphibians ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Carry Over

Many animals with complex life cycles can cope with environmental uncertainty by altering the timing of life history switch points through plasticity. Pond hydroperiod has important consequences for the fitness of aquatic organisms and many taxa alter the timing of life history switch points in response to habitat desiccation. For example, larval amphibians can metamorphose early to escape drying ponds. Such plasticity may induce variation in size and morphology of juveniles which can result in carry-over effects on jumping performance. To investigate the carry-over effects of metamorphic plasticity to pond drying, we studied the Túngara frog,Physalaemus pustulosus, a tropical anuran that breeds in highly ephemeral habitats. We conducted an outdoor field mesocosm experiment in which we manipulated water depth and desiccation and measured time and size at metamorphosis, tibiofibula length and jumping performance. We also conducted a complimentary laboratory experiment in which we manipulated resources, water depth and desiccation. In the field experiment, metamorphs from dry-down treatments emerged earlier, but at a similar size to metamorphs from constant depth treatments. In the laboratory experiment, metamorphs from the low depth and dry-down treatments emerged earlier and smaller. In both experiments, frogs from dry-down treatments had relatively shorter legs, which negatively impacted their absolute jumping performance. In contrast, reductions in resources delayed and reduced size at metamorphosis, but had no negative effect on jumping performance. To place these results in a broader context, we review past studies on carry-over effects of the larval environment on jumping performance. Reductions in mass and limb length generally resulted in lower jumping performance across juvenile anurans tested to date. Understanding the consequences of plasticity on size, morphology and performance can elucidate the linkages between life stages.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTENT OF CARROT (Daucus carota L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Safwan Shiyab ◽  
Bassam Al-Qarallah ◽  
Muhanad Akash
Keyword(s):  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Shoot Weight

Carrot production of valuable carotenes, carbohydrate and protein are hindered by elevated salinity levels in many parts of the world. To assess this problem, germination and growth of two carrot cultivars (Daucus carota cvs Jordan and Napoli) were studied in vivo and in vitro under different salt stress concentrations (0, 75, and 150 mM NaCl). Seeds were directly or gradually exposed to these salt concentrations. With elevated salinity levels, significant reductions in growth parameters (dry shoot weight, fresh shoot weight, shoot length, root length, and root number) were observed. Also, significant difference in germination percentage was observed at 150 mM NaCl in both cultivars when compared with control treatment (90% germination percentage in Napoli and 71% in Jordan cultivar). Growth rate, tolerant index, and relative water content (RWC) declined as salinity increased. The 150 mM NaCl salinity treatment significantly reduced the shoot chlorophyll and protein content, but increased carbohydrate content. Lesser impairment by the gradual exposure of seedling to salinity provides an opportunity to study the acquirement of salt tolerance.

scholarly journals Relative Salt Tolerance of Five Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1493-1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Denise S. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Salinity Levels

Use of recycled water to irrigate urban landscapes may be inevitable, because the freshwater supply has been diminishing and the population continues to grow in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States. However, little information exists on the performance of landscape plants irrigated with nonpotable water. Two greenhouse studies were conducted during the summer and the fall to characterize the relative salt tolerance of five herbaceous perennials by irrigating the plants with a saline solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.8 dS·m–1 (tap water), 2.0 dS·m–1, or 4.0 dS·m–1. In the summer study, after 10 weeks of treatment, Achillea millefolium L., Gaillardia aristata Foug., and Salvia coccinea Juss ex J. had an aesthetically acceptable appearance for landscape performance (visual quality scores of 4 points or more), whereas Agastache cana (Hook.) Woot. & Standl. and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench had relatively low tolerance to salinity. Dry weight of shoots of A. millefolium, A. cana, and G. arstata was lower at elevated salinity levels. In the fall study, A. millefolium, E. purpurea, G. arstata, and S. coccinea had acceptable growth and visual quality at elevated salinity levels, whereas A. cana had lower quality and reduced growth. Dry weight of shoots was lower in G. arstata and A. millefolium at an EC of 2.0 dS·m–1 or 4.0 dS·m–1. Leaf osmotic potential of all species in the summer experiment was significantly lower at higher salinity compared with the control. In the fall experiment, leaf osmotic potential in A. millefolium, E. purpurea, and G. aristata at 4 dS·m–1 was lower compared with lower salinity treatment and the control. Leaf osmotic potential in the fall was higher than that of the same species at the same salinity level in the summer experiment, indicating that plants in the fall were less stressed than in the summer. Combined the results from both experiments, the authors concluded that A. millefolium, G. arstata, and S. coccinea had a relatively high salt tolerance (as much as 4 dS·m–1 of irrigation water under greenhouse conditions) among the tested species, whereas A. cana and E. purpurea were not tolerant to salt and should not be irrigated with low-quality water.

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