Morphological Prediction of Body Condition in Maned Ducks

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
SV Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Fat Level ◽  
Bill Length ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Paired T Test

Best-fit regression equations for estimating body-fat levels from morphological measurements of maned ducks (Chenonetta jubata) were developed. The cube of [body weight/(sternum x tarsus x bill length)] plus the square of skinfold thickness was the best predictor of body fat in females (r*2=0.81). The cube of (body weight x skinfold thickness) was the best predictor in males (r*2=0.75). These regression equations accurately estimated fat level in all seasons except females in winter, when estimated values were significantly higher (paired t test, P<0.02) by 18% than actual levels. Body weight alone predicted protein content well in males (r*2=0.81) and less well in females (r*2= 0.61). These equations enable long-term and relatively cheap monitoring of body condition in trapped maned ducks.

scholarly journals A comparison of the skinfold method with extent of ‘overweight’ and various weight-height relationships in the assessment of obesity

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Womersley ◽  
J. V. G. A. Durnin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Density Method ◽  
Variable Weight

1. Body-weight, height, skinfold thickness and body density measurements were made on 245 men and 324 women aged between 17 and 72 years. The body fat content of each individual was calculated from his density measurement using equations similar to that of Siri (1956) but appropriate to age, muscular development, and extent of obesity. Regression equations were then derived for separate age-groups for the prediction of body fat from (1) weight–height (W–H) relationships (W:H, W:H2 W:H3, W0.33:H, H:W0.33), (2) ‘percentage overweight’ (body-weight:mean body-weight; W:W;) and ‘percentage desirable weight’ body-weight: ‘desirable weight’ (mean weights for men and women aged 20-24 years); (W:DES), (3) the independent variables weight and height incorporated in a regression equation, (4) skinfold measurements.2. The correlations between height and indices, W:H, W:H3, W0.33:H and H:W0.33: were substantially different from those between height and body fat estimated by densitometry.3. The method having the highest correlation with body fat estimated by densitometry was the skinfold method, although in the older groups of women other methods sometimes gave equally good correlations. The index H:W0.33 had a negative correlation with body fat, and the indices W:H, W0.33:H and W:H3 had a lower correlation with body fat estimated by densitometry than did the other indices. These indices are therefore unsuitable measures of obesity, and this is in agreement with the findings of other workers.4. The correlations betweeen body fat estimated by densitometry and the indices W:H2, W:W, W:DES and the equations incorporating the independent variable weight and height are all very similar, although it is not appropriate to use the index W:W; as a measure of obesity in groups of people of widely different ages.5. The standard error of prediction of body fat from skinfold measurement may be of the same order of magnitude as the standard error of prediction of body fat by densitometry. It is therefore probably inappropriate to assess the accuracy of the skinfold method by comparison with the density method alone.6. From the distribution patterns obtained, it was evident that compared with the density method, all methods tended to over-estimate body fat in very lean individuals. The skinfold method however showed this tendency to only a relatively small extent.

The partition of nutrients in ewes maintained in a moderate compared with a lean body condition in late pregnancy

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McNeill ◽  
R. W. Kelly ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Free Body

The effect of ewe fatness on fetal weight at term was tested without the confounding effects of placental weight and feed intake. We hypothesised that fetal weights should be similar in fat or lean ewes with placentas of a similar size, and tested the hypothesis by manipulating nutrition so that, at mating, Merino ewes carrying a single fetus were in a medium (score 2·9, liveweight 46·6 kg) or lean (score 2·0, liveweight 40·6 kg) condition. They were maintained at this fatness difference until slaughter at Day 146 of pregnancy when fetal, placental, and maternal tissues were weighed and analysed for composition. Subgroups (n = 8 per fatness group) slaughtered at Day 110, a stage when most placental hypertrophy is complete but the majority of fetal hypertrophy is yet to occur, confirmed that the treatments differed in ewe fatness (3·82 v. 9·19 kg empty-body fat, s.e.m. = 0·960; P < 0·001) but not placental weight (487 v. 538 g, s.e.m. = 41·5, P > 0·05). By Day 146, fatness differences (4·77 v. 9·56 kg empty-body fat, s.e.m. = 0·960, P < 0·001) and placental similarities (434 v. 502 g, s.e.m. = 38·3, P > 0·05) were maintained, and both groups produced fetuses of similar size (4408 v. 4382 g, s.e.m. = 204·6, P > 0·05). However, the fetuses in the lean ewes had 20% less fat/kg fat-free body weight (24 v. 30 g/kg, s.e.m. = 1·3, P < 0·01). Fetal weight was correlated with placental weight (r = 0·70; P < 0·01) but not with ewe fatness. Fetal fatness, however, was correlated with ewe fatness (r = 0·69; P < 0·01). Ewe fatness per se did not influence fetal size but did influence the deposition of fat in the fetus, possibly via a greater ability of fatter ewes to partition more glucose toward their fetus.

Leptin interrelationships to energy-related metabolites and hormones in fed and fasted sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 87-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R.G. Wylie ◽  
D.J. Devlin ◽  
A.J. Bjourson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Condition Score

A review of published leptin data for growing lambs, older ewes and mature dairy cows in late lactation showed that only 0.30-0.37 of the variation in blood leptin concentration was explained by differences in body fat variably expressed as % of liveweight (LW), backfat thickness and body condition score (BCS) respectively (Wylieet al., 2002). In dairy cows between 15d and 226d postpartum, Wylieet al(2002) observed no overall correlation between leptin at slaughter and lipid expressed as % of LW, empty body weight or carcase weight and only a weak correlation in cows in mid-lactation. Losses of fat during early lactation may ‘uncouple’ the link between leptin and fat and produce a bias across all of lactation. Another explanation is that leptin may be more closely linked with lipogenesis than with the amount of stored fat. This study revisits some metabolite and hormone data from a previous investigation of IGF-1 changes in fed, fasted and re-fed sheep in the light of more recently obtained leptin concentrations in the same animals.

Total Body Potassium and Body Fat Estimation in Relationship to Height, Sex, Age, Malnutrition and Obesity

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Edmonds ◽  
B. M. Jasani ◽  
T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Total Body

1. Total body potassium was estimated by 40K measurement with a high-sensitivity whole-body counter in normal individuals over a wide age range and in patients who were obese or were grossly wasted as a result of various conditions which restricted food intake. 2. Potassium concentration (mmol/kg body weight) fell with increasing age over 30 years in both normal males and females, but when individuals of different age groups were matched for height, a significant fall in total body potassium with increasing age was observed only in males. Total body potassium of females was about 75% that of males of similar height when young, the sex difference decreasing with ageing. In the normal population, total body potassium was significantly correlated with height and with weight; regression equations for various relationships are given. 3. Fat-free mass was estimated from total body potassium, values of 65 and 56 mmol of potassium/kg fat-free mass being used for males and females respectively. Body fat estimated by this method correlated well with skinfold measurements over a wide range of body weight but in malnourished individuals having inadequate food intake there was considerable discrepancy and present formulae for estimating fat-free mass from total body potassium appear unsatisfactory in malnutrition. Considerable differences between expected and observed values of total body potassium were found in muscular individuals and in normal individuals who were thin but whose body weight was relatively constant. 4. The patients with malnutrition were low both in body fat as estimated by skinfold thickness and in total body potassium estimated on the basis of height. Plasma potassium was, however, normal and potassium supplements did not increase the total body potassium. 5. Total body potassium of obese individuals was not significantly different from that of normal weight individuals on the basis of height. Total body potassium fell on weight reduction with a very low energy diet of 1260 kJ (300 kcal.) daily but changed little with a 3300 kJ (800 kcal.) diet over several months' observation. 6. For overweight, obese individuals, total body potassium was best predicted from the individual's height. For those whose body weight was less than expected, the use of weight gave the best prediction but the error was considerable when the weight deviation was large.

Trained vs untrained evaluator assessment of body condition score as a predictor of percent body fat in adult cats

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 957-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K Shoveller ◽  
Joe DiGennaro ◽  
Cynthia Lanman ◽  
Dawn Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Veterinary Technician ◽  
Adult Cats

Body condition scoring (BCS) provides a readily available technique that can be used by both veterinary professionals and owners to assess the body condition of cats, and diagnose overweight or underweight conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate a five-point BCS system with half-point delineations using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Four evaluators (a veterinarian, veterinary technician, trained scorer and untrained scorer) assessed 133 neutered adult cats. For all scorers, BCS score was more strongly correlated with percent body fat than with body weight. Percent body fat increased by approximately 7% within each step increase in BCS. The veterinarian had the strongest correlation coefficient between BCS and percent fat (r = 0.80). Mean body fat in cats classified as being in ideal body condition was 12 and 19%, for 3.0 and 3.5 BCS, respectively. Within BCS category, male cats were significantly heavier in body weight than females within the same assigned BCS category. However, DXA-measured percent body fat did not differ significantly between male and female cats within BCS category, as assigned by the veterinarian ( P >0.13). Conversely, when assessed by others, mean percent body fat within BCS category was lower in males than females for cats classified as being overweight (BCS >4.0). The results of this study show that using a BCS system that has been validated within a range of normal weight to moderately overweight cats can help to differentiate between lean cats and cats that may not be excessively overweight, but that still carry a higher proportion of body fat.

scholarly journals THE TESTING OF SEVERAL FEED INTAKE PREDICTION EQUATIONS USING FARM DATA

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. YUNGBLUT ◽  
J. B. STONE ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
G. F. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
The Mean

Data were collected during three visits to each of 19 dairy herds in the Guelph area. Feed intake, body condition and heart girth of all milking cows were recorded during each visit. Samples of all feeds were taken and analyzed for dry matter and acid detergent fibre. Cow weight was estimated from heart girth after grouping cows according to body condition. Milk production and fat test data were obtained from DHI records. Four regression equations were used to predict total feed dry matter intake. The mean daily feed intake was 2.8% of body weight. Eleven of the herds were within ± 10% of this value, four were above this range and four were below. The number of herds in which mean predicted intake was within ± 10% of observed intake, above this range or below this range, were (1) 7, 5, 7 (2) 12, 2, 5 (3) 11, 2, 6 (4) 8, 9, 2 for the four equations, respectively. Equations 2 and 3 were more accurate in predicting mean dry matter intake than Eq. 1 or 4.

scholarly journals Pre- and Post-Slaughter Methodologies to Estimate Body Fat Reserves in Lactating Saanen Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1440
Author(s):  
Leonardo Sidney Knupp ◽  
Mondina Francesca Lunesu ◽  
Roberto Germano Costa ◽  
Mauro Ledda ◽  
Sheila Nogueira Ribeiro Knupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Total Fat

This work aimed to compare pre- and post-slaughter methodologies to estimate body fat reserves in dairy goats. Twenty-six lactating Saanen goats ranging from 43.6 to 69.4 kg of body weight (BW) and from 1.84 to 2.96 of body condition score (BCS; 0–5 range) were used. Fifteen pre-slaughter and four post-slaughter measurement values were used to estimate the weight of fat in the omental (OM), mesenteric (MES), perirenal (PR), organ (ORG), carcass (CARC), and non-carcass components (NC) and total (TOT, calculated as the sum of CARC and NC) depots in goats. The pre-slaughter measurements were withers height; rump height; rump length; pelvis width; chest depth; shoulder width; heart girth; body length; sternum height; BW; BCS assessed in the lumbar (BCSl) and sternal (BCSs) regions; and fat thickness measured by ultrasound in the lumbar (FTUSl), sternal (FTUSs), and perirenal (FTUSpr) regions. The post-slaughter measurements were hot carcass weight (HCW), empty body weight (EBW), and fat thickness measured by digital caliper in the lumbar (FTDCl) and sternal (FTDCs) regions. Linear and multiple regressions were fit to data collected. BW, BCS (from lumbar and sternal regions), all somatic measurements, and fat thickness measured by ultrasound in the lumbar and sternal regions were not adequate to estimate the weight of total fat in lactating Saanen goats (R2 ≤ 0.55). The best pre-slaughter and post-slaughter estimators of OM, MES, PR, ORG, NC, and TOT fat were FTUSpr and EBW, respectively. Among pre- and post-slaughter measurements, BCSl (R2 = 0.63) and HCW (R2 = 0.82) provided the most accurate predictions of CARC fat, respectively. Multiple regression using the pre-slaughter variables FTUSpr, BW, and BCSl yielded estimates of TOT fat with an R2 = 0.92 (RSD = 1.14 kg). On the other hand, TOT fat predicted using the post-slaughter variables HCW and FTDCs had an R2 = 0.83 (RSD = 1.41 kg). These results confirm that fat reserves can be predicted in lactating Saanen goats with high precision using multiple regression equations combining in vivo measurements.

scholarly journals The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. G. A. Durnin ◽  
M. M. Rahaman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Skin Fold

1. Skinfold thickness and body density were measured on 105 young adult men and women and 86 adolescent boys and girls.2. The correlation coefficients between the skinfold thicknesses, either single or multiple, and density were in the region of −0.80.3. Regression equations were calculated to predict body fat from skinfolds with an error of about ±3.5%.4. A table gives the percentage of the body-weight as fat from the measurement of skin-fold thickness.

scholarly journals Anthropometric measurements and amounts of body fat and serum cholesterol in samples of three Nigerian populations

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Watson ◽  
K. M. Etta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
University Students ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Triceps Skinfold Thickness

1. Skinfold thicknesses, arm circumferences, heights, weights and serum cholesterol levels were determined in ninety-one university students, 207 soldiers and 102 out-patients, all male subjects. Some of these measurements were used to determine the amount of body fat, Quetelet's index and mid-arm muscle circumference2. Quetelet's indices and body-fat values obtained were similar to previously reported values for lean or moderately built males3. Serum cholesterol levels were generally low, with means ranging from 3·98 mmol/1 for 18- to 29-year-old students to 5·19 mmol/l for 40- to 69-year-old out-patients4. The mean values for triceps skinfold thickness, the amount of body fat and serum cholesterol levels for healthy adults obtained in this study are probably normal for northern Nigerian populations5. There was a significant correlation between the amount of body fat and values for triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, Quetelet's index and body-weight for all adults. The correlation between muscle circumference and the amount of body fat was significant for all subjects except adult soldiers.

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