scholarly journals Pre- and Post-Slaughter Methodologies to Estimate Body Fat Reserves in Lactating Saanen Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1440
Author(s):  
Leonardo Sidney Knupp ◽  
Mondina Francesca Lunesu ◽  
Roberto Germano Costa ◽  
Mauro Ledda ◽  
Sheila Nogueira Ribeiro Knupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Total Fat

This work aimed to compare pre- and post-slaughter methodologies to estimate body fat reserves in dairy goats. Twenty-six lactating Saanen goats ranging from 43.6 to 69.4 kg of body weight (BW) and from 1.84 to 2.96 of body condition score (BCS; 0–5 range) were used. Fifteen pre-slaughter and four post-slaughter measurement values were used to estimate the weight of fat in the omental (OM), mesenteric (MES), perirenal (PR), organ (ORG), carcass (CARC), and non-carcass components (NC) and total (TOT, calculated as the sum of CARC and NC) depots in goats. The pre-slaughter measurements were withers height; rump height; rump length; pelvis width; chest depth; shoulder width; heart girth; body length; sternum height; BW; BCS assessed in the lumbar (BCSl) and sternal (BCSs) regions; and fat thickness measured by ultrasound in the lumbar (FTUSl), sternal (FTUSs), and perirenal (FTUSpr) regions. The post-slaughter measurements were hot carcass weight (HCW), empty body weight (EBW), and fat thickness measured by digital caliper in the lumbar (FTDCl) and sternal (FTDCs) regions. Linear and multiple regressions were fit to data collected. BW, BCS (from lumbar and sternal regions), all somatic measurements, and fat thickness measured by ultrasound in the lumbar and sternal regions were not adequate to estimate the weight of total fat in lactating Saanen goats (R2 ≤ 0.55). The best pre-slaughter and post-slaughter estimators of OM, MES, PR, ORG, NC, and TOT fat were FTUSpr and EBW, respectively. Among pre- and post-slaughter measurements, BCSl (R2 = 0.63) and HCW (R2 = 0.82) provided the most accurate predictions of CARC fat, respectively. Multiple regression using the pre-slaughter variables FTUSpr, BW, and BCSl yielded estimates of TOT fat with an R2 = 0.92 (RSD = 1.14 kg). On the other hand, TOT fat predicted using the post-slaughter variables HCW and FTDCs had an R2 = 0.83 (RSD = 1.41 kg). These results confirm that fat reserves can be predicted in lactating Saanen goats with high precision using multiple regression equations combining in vivo measurements.

scholarly journals Estimating fat reserves in Rasa Aragonesa ewes: A comparison of different methods

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Mendizabal ◽  
R. Delfa ◽  
A. Arana ◽  
P. Eguinoa ◽  
C. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Multiple Regressions ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Body Condition Scores

Four pre-slaughter measurements, liveweight (LW), body condition score (BCS) and fat thickness, measured by ultrasound, in the lumbar (FTL) and sternal regions (FTS), and four post-slaughter measurements, empty liveweight (ELW), hot carcass weight (HCW) and diameter of adipocytes in subcutaneous (DSC) and omental (DOM) fat depots¸ were used to predict the weight of fat in the omental (OM), mesenteric (MES), perirenal (PR), subcutaneous (SC) and intermuscular (IM) depots of ewes. Linear and multiple regressions were fitted to data from 42 adult, non-pregnant and non-lactating Rasa Aragonesa ewes, with liveweights between 29.8 and 79.2 kg and body condition scores between 0.75 and 4.5. Using a single parameter, ELW and HCW gave the most accurate predictions of the total depot fat (R2 = 0.88 and 0.90, RSD = 1.571 and 1.484 kg, respectively). Multiple regressions predicted total weight of fat depots from the pre-slaughter variables LW, BCS and FTS with an R2 value of 0.92 (RSD=1.317 kg). This result confirms the utility of using in vivo measures as fat reserve predictors in Rasa Aragonesa ewes. Key words: Fat tissue, liveweight, body condition score, adipocytes, ultrasound, ewes

Pharmacological characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of c-Jun kinase

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (5) ◽  
pp. E1142-E1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Cho ◽  
Shawn C. Black ◽  
David Looper ◽  
Manli Shi ◽  
Dawn Kelly-Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Pharmacological Characterization ◽  
Compound A ◽  
Weight Decrease

c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) plays an important role in insulin resistance; however, identification of pharmacologically potent and selective small molecule JNK inhibitors has been limited. Compound A has a cell IC50 of 102 nM and is at least 100-fold selective against related kinases and 27-fold selective against glycogen synthase kinase-3β and cyclin-dependent kinase-2. In C57BL/6 mice, compound A reduced LPS-mediated increases in both plasma cytokine levels and phosphorylated c-Jun in adipose tissue. Treatment of mice fed a high-fat diet with compound A for 3 wk resulted in a 13.1 ± 1% decrease in body weight and a 9.3 ± 1.5% decrease in body fat, compared with a 6.6 ± 2.1% increase in body weight and a 6.7 ± 2.1% increase in body fat in vehicle-treated mice. Mice pair fed to those that received compound A exhibited a body weight decrease of 7 ± 1% and a decrease in body fat of 1.6 ± 1.3%, suggesting that reductions in food intake could not account solely for the reductions in adiposity observed. Compound A dosed at 30 mg/kg for 13 days in high-fat fed mice resulted in a significant decrease in phosphorylated c-Jun in adipose tissue accompanied by a decrease in weight and reductions in glucose and triglycerides and increases in insulin sensitivity to levels comparable with those in lean control mice. The ability of compound A to reduce the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) von Ser307 and partially reverse the free fatty acid inhibition of glucose uptake in 3T3L1 adipocytes, suggests that enhancement of insulin signaling in addition to weight loss may contribute to the effects of compound A on insulin sensitization in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK using compound A may therefore offer an effective therapy for type 2 diabetes mediated at least in part via weight reduction.

FAT THICKNESS MEASURED WITH THREE ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENTS ON LIVE RAM LAMBS AS PREDICTORS OF CUTABILITY

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ FORTIN
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Optimal Location ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Ram Lambs

Fat thickness at four locations over the longissimus muscle was measured ultrasonically on 33 live ram lambs ranging in live weight from 16.0 to 37.0 kg. Simple and multiple regression equations were developed to assess the effectiveness of fat thickness as measured by three different ultrasonic instruments (Krautkrämer USM #2, Scanoprobe Model 731A and Scanogram Model 722) to predict cutability. Weight of trimmed or boneless cuts (shoulder + loin + rack + leg) was predicted with more precision than percentage of cuts. Fat thickness alone or combined with weight at scanning was of no significant value (P > 0.05) in the prediction of percentage of trimmed cuts. Percentage of boneless cuts was predicted more efficiently from weight at scanning alone than from fat thickness alone or combined with weight at scanning. Weight of cuts (trimmed or boneless) was also estimated from the fat measurement (P < 0.01), the weight at scanning (P < 0.01) or a combination of both variables. For the latter, fat thickness did not contribute significantly (P > 0.05). The optimal location of the fat measurement depended on the ultrasonic instrument used. Fat thickness measured with the Krautkrämer was more efficient in its prediction of cutability than fat thickness measured with the Scanoprobe or Scanogram. However, over the range of liveweights studied, the usefulness of fat thickness measured on live ram lambs to predict cutability is questionable.

scholarly journals Linking population performance to nutritional condition in an alpine ungulate

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 1244-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R Stephenson ◽  
David W German ◽  
E Frances Cassirer ◽  
Daniel P Walsh ◽  
Marcus E Blum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Nutritional Condition ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Free Body

Abstract Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) can live in extremely harsh environments and subsist on submaintenance diets for much of the year. Under these conditions, energy stored as body fat serves as an essential reserve for supplementing dietary intake to meet metabolic demands of survival and reproduction. We developed equations to predict ingesta-free body fat in bighorn sheep using ultrasonography and condition scores in vivo and carcass measurements postmortem. We then used in vivo equations to investigate the relationships between body fat, pregnancy, overwinter survival, and population growth in free-ranging bighorn sheep in California and Nevada. Among 11 subpopulations that included alpine winter residents and migrants, mean ingesta-free body fat of lactating adult females during autumn ranged between 8.8% and 15.0%; mean body fat for nonlactating females ranged from 16.4% to 20.9%. In adult females, ingesta-free body fat &gt; 7.7% during January (early in the second trimester) corresponded with a &gt; 90% probability of pregnancy and ingesta-free body fat &gt; 13.5% during autumn yielded a probability of overwinter survival &gt; 90%. Mean ingesta-free body fat of lactating females in autumn was positively associated with finite rate of population increase (λ) over the subsequent year in bighorn sheep subpopulations that wintered in alpine landscapes. Bighorn sheep with ingesta-free body fat of 26% in autumn and living in alpine environments possess energy reserves sufficient to meet resting metabolism for 83 days on fat reserves alone. We demonstrated that nutritional condition can be a pervasive mechanism underlying demography in bighorn sheep and characterizes the nutritional value of their occupied ranges. Mountain sheep are capital survivors in addition to being capital breeders, and because they inhabit landscapes with extreme seasonal forage scarcity, they also can be fat reserve obligates. Quantifying nutritional condition is essential for understanding the quality of habitats, how it underpins demography, and the proximity of a population to a nutritional threshold.

scholarly journals PSII-24 Performance, carcass and meat quality of castrated and intact Dorper lambs slaughtered at different body condition scores

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
Edson Luis de A Ribeiro ◽  
Francisco Fernandes Jr ◽  
Camila Constantino ◽  
Fernando Augusto Grandis ◽  
Natália Albieri Koritiaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Body Condition Scores

Abstract This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the performance, carcass and meat characteristics of castrated and intact Dorper male lambs slaughtered at three different body condition scores. Thirty-five lambs, approximately 3 months old, 21.6 ± 4.0 kg of body weight and 3.1 ± 0.5 of body condition score (BCS), were used. The BCS scale used varied from 1.0 (very thin) to 5.0 (very fat). Four weeks prior to the experiment, 17 lambs were castrated. Lambs were further divided into three groups, according to the criteria for slaughter: BCS of 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5. All animals received the same diet. BCS were achieved after 27, 84 and 130 days in feedlot, respectively. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between sexual conditions and slaughter criteria. Average daily gain of weight (ADG) was different (P < 0.05) for the three BCS (average of 0.263). However, final body weight (28.6 ± 1.7; 42.7 ± 1.8 and 56.8 ± 1.7 kg) and back fat thickness (0.5 ± 0.5; 4.2 ± 0.5 and 7.3 ± 0.5 mm) were different (P < 0.05) among BCS criteria, panelists found that meats from lambs slaughtered with greater fat content were less (P < 0.05) desirable. We can conclude by the performance and meat results that it is better to slaughter Dorper lambs with BCS with no more than 4.0, or 4.2 mm of back fat cover, and for the best acceptability of the meat the lambs should be castrated.

Leptin interrelationships to energy-related metabolites and hormones in fed and fasted sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 87-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R.G. Wylie ◽  
D.J. Devlin ◽  
A.J. Bjourson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Condition Score

A review of published leptin data for growing lambs, older ewes and mature dairy cows in late lactation showed that only 0.30-0.37 of the variation in blood leptin concentration was explained by differences in body fat variably expressed as % of liveweight (LW), backfat thickness and body condition score (BCS) respectively (Wylieet al., 2002). In dairy cows between 15d and 226d postpartum, Wylieet al(2002) observed no overall correlation between leptin at slaughter and lipid expressed as % of LW, empty body weight or carcase weight and only a weak correlation in cows in mid-lactation. Losses of fat during early lactation may ‘uncouple’ the link between leptin and fat and produce a bias across all of lactation. Another explanation is that leptin may be more closely linked with lipogenesis than with the amount of stored fat. This study revisits some metabolite and hormone data from a previous investigation of IGF-1 changes in fed, fasted and re-fed sheep in the light of more recently obtained leptin concentrations in the same animals.

scholarly journals Prediction of the meat content of the carcass and valuable carcass parts in French lop rabbits using some traits measured in vivo and post mortem

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 406-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michalik ◽  
A. Lewczuk ◽  
E. Wilkiewicz-Wawro ◽  
W. Brzozowski
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Thigh Circumference ◽  
Meat Weight ◽  
Chest Girth

The experiment was performed on 60 French lop rabbits raised under extensive conditions and sacrificed at body weight of about 3 kg. It was found that the best indicators of meat weight (g) in rabbit carcasses were body weight, head width and lower thigh length among the traits measured in vivo, and carcass weight, chest girth and thigh circumference among the traits measured post mortem. In vivo prediction of saddle meatiness may be based on body weight, trunk length and thigh length, whereas post-slaughter estimation &ndash; on carcass weight, hip circumference and thigh circumference. Total meat weight in the hind half of the carcass may be predicted in vivo on the basis of body weight, head width and lower thigh length, and post mortem &ndash; on the basis of carcass weight, chest girth, hip circumference, thigh circumference and pelvic width. Multiple regression equations for meat weight estimation in the whole carcass and its middle and hind part were derived in the study. These equations may be applied in selection work directed towards an improvement in carcass meatiness. They may also be used to evaluate the results of experiments conducted on French lops. &nbsp;

The use of ultrasound measurement of perirenal fat thickness to estimate changes in body condition of young female rabbits

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Pascual ◽  
F. Castella ◽  
C. Cervera ◽  
E. Blas ◽  
J. Fernández-Carmona
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Ultrasound Measurement ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ultrasound Measurements ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Perirenal Fat

AbstractForty-two New-Zealand x Californian young female rabbits of 4·5 months of age were used to evaluate the use o f a computerized ultrasound system in estimating changes in body condition. In order to get a wide range of fatness, animals were randomly subjected to four food restriction regimes for 2 weeks. Female rabbits were scanned at six different back sites to estimate perirenal fat thickness, using a real-time ultrasound unit equipped with a 5·0-MHz sector probe. After scanning, all animals were weighed and slaughtered. The weights of hot carcass, cold carcass, perirenal fat, scapular fat, liver and kidneys were recorded. There was a large variation in the weight of the main fat deposits, especially for the perirenal fat (CV = 0·632), indicating its suitability for estimating changes in body condition. Ultrasound measurements of perirenal fat thickness correlated strongly with all carcass fat weight values (r= 0·692 to 0·959;P< 0·001) and the estimated carcass energy content (r= 0·777 to 0·866;P< 0·001) and seem to be more precise predictors than live weight measurements. Multiple regression equations for estimating the main fat deposit weight and estimated carcass energy content using only the live weight as an independent variable hadR2values ranging from 0·47 to 0·59. The accuracy of estimates was improved when ultrasound measurements were used in the regression model (R2values ranging from 0·81 to 0·95). Ultrasound measurement of mean perirenal fat deposit thickness at 3 cm ahead of the 2ndto 3rdlumbar vertebrae was the best predictor for perirenal fat weight (R2= 0·95;P< 0·001), total fat weight (R2= 0·93;P< 0·001) and estimated carcass energy content (R2= 0·90;P< 0·001). A validation group of 11 rabbit does was used to validate the ultrasound regression equations, showing that their mean accuracy was approximately 0·895 and 0·967 for total fat weight and estimated carcass energy content, respectively. Results suggest that ultrasound measurements of perirenal fat thickness may be an accurate method for studying changes in body condition of young female rabbits at different times.

scholarly journals Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on milk production, litter gains and back-fat thickness in sows with a low energy and protein intake during lactation

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ramanau ◽  
H. Kluge ◽  
K. Eder
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Carnitine Supplementation ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Fat Thickness

The present study investigated the effect of l-carnitine supplementation during pregnancy (125 mg/d) and lactation (250 mg/d) on milk production, litter gains and back-fat thickness in sows fed a low-energy and low-protein diet during lactation. Sows supplemented with l-carnitine produced more milk on days 11 and 18 of lactation (+18 %; P<0·05) and had higher litter gains during suckling (+20 %; P<0·01) than control sows. Loss of body weight during lactation was similar in both groups, but sows supplemented with l-carnitine had a greater reduction of back-fat thickness (+45 %; P<0·05) during lactation than control sows. In conclusion, this study shows that l-carnitine increases milk production and litter gains in sows in a strongly negative energy and N balance, and enhances body fat mobilisation.

scholarly journals Relationships between fat depots and body condition score or tail fatness in the Rasa Aragonesa breed

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Teixeira ◽  
R. Delfa ◽  
F. Colomer-Rocher
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTThe relationships between body fat depots and body condition score (BCS) were determined in 52 adult Rasa Aragonesa ewes aged 10 (s.d. 2) years and ranging in BCS from 1·5 to 4·5. BCS of each ewe was assessed by three people, the repeatability within individuals being 90% and between individuals 80%. The ewes were weighed before slaughter. After slaughter the omental, mesenteric, kidney and pelvic fat were separated and weighed. The fat of the left side of the carcass was separated into subcutaneous and intermuscular depots. The relationship between live weight and BCS was semilogarithmic and those between fat depots and BCS were logarithmic. Regression analysis was also used to describe the relationships between the various fat depots and BCS or live weight. Of the variation in total fat weight, proportionately 0·90 was accounted for by variations in BCS, while 0·84 was accounted for by variations in live weight. For individual fat depots proportionately 0·86 to 0·90 of the variation was accounted for by variation in BCS and 0·69 to 0·79 by variation in live weight. BCS was a better predictor than live weight of the weight of both total body fat and the individual fat depots.A curvilinear regression between BCS and live weight showed that the increases in live weight for a unit change in BCS was 7, 10, 12 and 16 kg for each one point increase in BCS from 1 to 5 respectively.The tail fat depot (tail fatness score) was assessed in the same ewes by score on a three-point scale. Of the variation in the weight of individual fat depots, proportionately 0·79 to 0·86 was accounted for by variation in tail fatness score. Thus the tail fatness score could be used as an additional method of assessing body condition in the Aragonesa breed.

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