Overbrowsing, and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in Victoria. II. Population condition

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Tract Disease

Juvenile and sub-adult koalas from a population at Walkerville, Victoria, which was severely defoliating its preferred food trees, had significantly lower growth rates than animals from a population on French Island, Victoria. Mature males from Walkerville were significantly smaller than French Island males in most age classes. There was no significant difference between the body weights of mature females of the 2 populations. Haematological tests on the females showed that nutritionally induced anaemia was significant in the Walkerville animals by Jan. 1981. Heavy tick loads probably exacerbated the effects of the food shortage on the animals' condition, but were not the cause of the anaemia. The low fertility rate of the Walkerville females appeared to be due to their poor nutritional state and to reproductive tract disease.

Age-Specific Fertility in Three Populations of the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus Goldfuss, in Victoria

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Martin
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Reproductive Failure ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Poor Nutrition

Mean fertility in three koala populations in Victoria in 1979 varied from 63% on French I, to 13% at Walkerville and 22% on Phillip I. Similar differences between the two island populations have existed for at least 30 y. A method of assigning animals to age classes on the basis of the wear patterns on the premolar was devised and reproduction in 1979 examined on an age-specific basis. The low fertility was associated with a reproductive failure among females older than 3 y. On Phillip I. this is thought to be due to a widespread reproductive tract disease in females, possibly caused by ingestion of phytooestrogens from eucalypt foliage. At Walkerville a combination of reproductive tract disease, poor nutrition and heavy tick burdens is thought to be the cause.

scholarly journals МОНГОЛ ҮҮЛДРИЙН АЗАРГАНЫ ТӨМСӨГНИЙ МОРФО-ГИСТОЛОГИЙН СУДАЛГААНЫ ЗАРИМ ҮР ДҮН

2016 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Г Бадамханд ◽  
Д Самданжамц
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubule ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Tubule Diameter

The present study aimed to investigate correlation between testicle and body weights, cross section of seminiferous tubule and relationship between the Sertoli cells and matured sperms in stallion of Mongolian breed. It was found that there is significant difference (p<0.001) in testicle weights depending on ages of stallions (121.1 g at 36 months old age and 169.2 g at 48 months old). Changes in the body and testicle weights of stallions to be used for breeding are significantly different at two age classes. There were moderate (r=0.59) and strong (r=0.72) correlations at the ages of 36 and 48 months respectively. Both the testicle weight and diameter of seminiferous tubule increases in mutually related ways and tubule diameter was 72.6 µm and 94.8 µm at 36 and 48 months of stallions age respectively. Sertoli cells play key role in production of sperms from primordial germ cells in the testicle. Interrelationship between Sertol cells and mature sperms in seminiferous tubule is moderate (R2=0.316) and satisfactory (R²=0.445) correlations at 36 and 48 months of ages and it demonstrates differences between the ages are stable.

PRE-MATERNAL ISOLATION EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF OFFSPRING

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Sackler ◽  
A. S. Weltman ◽  
R. Schwartz ◽  
P. Steinglass
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Isolation Stress ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT This report was designed to determine combined effects of maternal endocrine imbalances and abnormal behaviour due to prolonged isolation stress of female mice on the behaviour, developmental growth rate and endocrine function of their offspring. Sixty female albino mice averaging 19 g were divided equally into isolated and control groups. The isolated females were housed singly; control females were maintained in groups of 2 mice per cage. After observation of behavioural and physiological effects characteristic of isolation stress in the test mice, all isolated and control mice were mated after a 6½ month experimental, isolation period. No differences were observed in fertility and fecundity of the two groups of mothers. Analyses of developmental growth rates of the litters of the isolated versus control mothers showed significantly lower body weights in the test offspring at 3 and 4 weeks of age. The body weights of the female offspring remained significantly lower from the 4th to 11th weeks. The effects on the body weights of the male offspring declined and were no longer statistically significant at the 5th to 11 weeks. Locomotor activity at 4½ and 8 weeks of age was markedly or significantly higher in the male and female mice from isolated mothers. Tail-blood samples taken prior to autopsy at 5 and 11 weeks of age revealed significant decreases in the total leukocyte and eosinophil counts of both sexes. At the two ages, the absolute and relative spleen and thymus weights of the male and female offspring were markedly and/or significantly lower than the values observed in counterpart young from control females. Significant decreases were also observed in the absolute gonadal organ weights of both sexes at 11 weeks of age. The various data indicated inhibited growth rates, heightened locomotor activity and evasiveness, as well as evidence of increased adrenocortical function in the offspring from test mothers. The gonadal weight decreases suggested retarded gonadal development. Further studies using split-litter techniques are required to differentiate the effects of prenatal endocrine imbalances versus postnatal maternal influence (i. e., nursing care) on the offspring.

Concentrations of glucose, albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium in the blood of beef calves at 2 ½ months of age and their relationships with subsequent weight gain

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Body Weights

SummaryBlood samples were taken at 9, 10 and 11 weeks of age from 230 male Hereford × Friesian calves, the progeny of 12 Hereford bulls. Concentrations of blood glucose, serum albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium were measured and correlated with body weights and growth rates until slaughter at 19½ months of age.Correlations between growth rates and glucose concentrations (0·44) and between growth rates and albumin concentrations (0·38) were observed until 4 months of age. Similar correlations between body weights and blood glucose or albumin concentrations persisted until 6 months of age. By 10 months, however, the correlations had begun to decline, and by slaughter they had become insignificant.Correlations between growth rates and inorganic phosphate or sodium concentrations were smaller, and also decreased with age.The effect of hypoglycaemia on growth rate was compared with the effect of enzootic pneumonia. Although the 10% of calves with the lowest glucose concentrations were growing 24% more slowly than the other calves at the time of sampling, this growth depression was not related to pneumonia, and they subsequently made up for most of the early loss of growth.Three blood samples were also taken from 22 Hereford bulls. No significant correlations were observed between the blood composition of the bulls and the body weights or weight gains of their progeny.

scholarly journals The Medicinal Wood-Decay Species Laricifomes officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park (Italian Alps): Spatial Analysis and Growth Tests of Pure Cultures

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Elena Girometta ◽  
Laura Rovelli ◽  
Francesco Bracco ◽  
Francesca Brescia ◽  
Rebecca Michela Baiguera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Gran Paradiso

Abstract Laricifomes officinalis is a wood-decay fungus that is closely associated with old individuals of Larix decidua . In the twentieth century, L. officinalis was over-harvested because of its medicinal properties; consequently, it has become very rare or almost extinct in the Alps. In this study, we investigated the population of L. officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park (Val d’Ossola, Italy) to assess a preliminary conservation strategy. Population consistency was estimated using field mapping, and spatial analysis was performed on host trees based on topographical and environmental variables. Mycelia were isolated from harvested basidiomata, and strain identity confirmed by molecular analysis of the ITS region. All isolated strains were tested for growth in Petri dishes containing different standard media to determine which strains had the highest growth rates; the fastest growing strains may be selected for future studies and applications. Compared to the control strains from Val Malenco and Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso, all strains from Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park had lower growth rates. There was no significant difference between the growth rates of strains from Alpe Veglia and those from Alpe Devero. The results suggest that the population consistency of L. officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park is related to two main factors: habitat preservation and harvesting prohibition. These results confirm the need to protect L. officinalis both inside and outside natural reserves, despite the apparent increase in local populations.

scholarly journals PUBERAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NIGERIAN DWARF SHEEP

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
B. I. Orji ◽  
J. Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Ram Lambs

Eleven ram lambs, all born between June and July (rainy season) were slaughtered at four age groups — 75, 100, 125 and 150 days. The body weights of animals prior to slaughter, the weights of the testes, the epididymis, the vesicular glands, the ampullae, the adrenals, the thyroids and the pituitary glands were determined and subjected to a step-wise multiple regression analysis using age or body weight as the independent variable. The weights of the reproductive organs – testes, epididymides, ampullae, vesicular glands - showed significantly higher correlation with the body weight than with the age, thus emphasizing the greater importance of the physiological age over the chronological age in the development of the body organs. The highest growth rate of the organs of the reproductive tract occurred during puberty and thus coincided with the enhanced endocrine function observed in ram lambs at this stage.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 90-day subchronic oral toxicity of aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb (Verbenaceae) leaves in Wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-622
Author(s):  
Razack Osseni ◽  
Azonbakin Simon ◽  
Diallo Aboudoulatif ◽  
Habib Ganfon ◽  
Adjagba Marius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights

Purpose: To evaluate the 90 day sub-chronic toxicity of aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea leaves in Wistar rats. Methods: Rats were submitted to repeated daily oral administration of extract (250, 62.5 and 15.62 mg/kg) of Gmelina arborea leaves. The control groups were given distilled water and the rats were monitored for any toxicity symptoms as well as body and organs weights, water and food intake changes. The biochemical, haematological and histolopathological parameters were analysed. Results: The 90 days administration of the aqueous extract did not produce any toxicity signs or mortality. In addition, no significant alteration in water or food intake by the rats was observed. Although there were no changes in the body weights, significant decrease in the weight of the kidneys of the rats was observed at 250 mg/kg. Biological parameters as well as the histopathology of liver and kidneys were not significantly affected. Significant decreases were noted in glucose level at the three dose levels. In addition, significant difference in the levels of transaminases, glucose and platelets were observed. Conclusion: The 90-days subchronic toxicity test on Gmelina arborea did not produce any toxic effects. This confirms the safety of the plant leaves by traditional medicine practitioners. Keywords: Gmelina arborea, Subchronic toxicity, Wistars rats, Biological parameters

Subacute oral toxicity evaluation of the ethanolic extract of Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. tubers in Phu Quoc, Vietnam

MedPharmRes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mai Nguyen Ngoc Trac ◽  
Pham Thu Ha ◽  
Do Thi Hong Tuoi
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

The tubers of Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. have been used for the treatment of rheumatism, liver and intestinal diseases in the traditional medicine of Vietnam. The 50% ethanolic extract of H. formicarum (EEHF) has been proved anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as well as hepatoprotective activity at the oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in Swiss albino mice. The aim of this work was to study on the subacute oral toxicity of the EEHF at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg for 30 and 60 consecutive days in both sexes of mice. The observations were undertaken on the mortality, the body weights, the toxic signs, hematological and biochemical parameters. At the end of the experiment, the histopathology of liver and kidneys was studied. The results showed that the 100 mg/kg of EEHF did not cause any toxic signs in mice. There was no significant difference of hematological and biochemical parameters between the treated animals and the controls. Histopathological examinations of livers and kidneys showed no significant difference suggesting no morphological disturbances in treated mice. In conclusion, the results indicated that the EEHF did not cause any subacute toxicity in mice at the dose of 100 mg/kg, providing the evidence of the safety of health products from this medicinal plant.

RELATION BETWEEN LIGHT SOURCE AND GROWTH OF BROILER CHICKENS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. HURNIK ◽  
W. D. MORRISON ◽  
R. G. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Ambulatory Activity ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights

Four hundred and forty vent-sexed commercial broiler chicks were used in this study. One half of this sample was exposed to common fluorescent light, the other half to a light source that in the spectral composition better approximates daylight characteristics (Vita-lite). Body weights of all birds were measured at weekly intervals. Weight of the body organs was measured on 20 birds randomly taken from each of four possible light source-sex combinations at 14-day intervals. The only significant difference in body weights linked with lighting was found in 2-wk-old chicks. High interactions between sex and lighting at this age revealed a positive effect of Vita-lite on females. In all other age categories, lighting did not affect body weights and did not interact with sex. Regression of body weights on age did not show any differentiation in growth related to the light source. Proportional weight of body organs did not indicate any significant effect of lighting. Birds in cages, illuminated with Vita-lite, when transferred to floor pens showed lower ambulatory activity than their counterparts from normal fluorescent light. Overall mortality during the first 14 days was lower in the Vita-lite group. Frequencies of subjective classifications of birds’ visual appearance showed evident sex × light source interactions only at the age of 14 days.

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