Aerial and ground survey of sap trees of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis reginae) near Atherton, North Queensland

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Bradford ◽  
G. N. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ground Survey ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Petaurus Australis ◽  
Prime Source

Sap-feed trees of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis reginae) were located in a 1600-ha site in north Queensland by aerial survey and ground survey. The ground survey located 77 active sap-feed trees, of which only seven were seen from the air.Thus we conclude that aerial survey is not a reliable means of censusing yellow-bellied glider populations. Sap-feeding scars made by gliders were found only on Eucalyptus resinifera even though four other species of Eucalyptus, which are used for sap-feeding in New South Wales, were also present in the area.In addition to the active feed trees, we found 156 trees with old sap-feeding scars, giving a total of 233 scarred trees in all.All but two of these were located within 500 m of mature E. grandis trees, which are believed to be the prime source of glider dens.Of the E. resinifera trees with diameter at breast height greater than 40 cm in the study area 1.06% were scarred and 0.35% were in active use by the gliders.The sap-feed trees had significantly fewer other trees in their immediate vicinity than the mean for all E. resinifera trees in the study area.The early stages of rainforest invasion investigated here did not indicate a reduction in use for sap-feeding by gliders.However, in the long-term E. resinifera is unable to thrive or reproduce within a rainforest, suggesting that the gliders’ habitat will be reduced as the E. resinifera trees die out.

Use of sap trees by the yellow-bellied glider in the Shoalhaven region of New South Wales

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Petaurus Australis ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Very High

This study examined the use of sap trees by yellow-bellied gliders (Petaurus australis) at 33 sites scattered through approximately 10 000 ha of forest. In all, 62 grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) trees were assessed during seven visits over a 2-year period for use by gliders in sap feeding (either currently or during the previous month). About 40% of trees had been used prior to each visit, indicating a very high pattern of use. About 29% of trees were used prior to many visits while 18% were not used at all. Gliders made small incisions on trees, apparently to test their suitability for sap feeding. These test incisions were seen several times on all the sap trees that remained unused during this study. They were made on about 60% of trees that were not used for sap feeding within the month prior to a visit. At 23 of the 33 sites, test incisions were also observed on E. punctata non-sap trees. These observations show that gliders actively check sap trees and non-sap trees. This study confirms the importance of sap trees to the yellow-bellied glider and highlights the need for further research that aims to identify the key parameters of these trees to which gliders respond. This would greatly facilitate the management and conservation of the yellow-bellied glider.

Grass seed contamination of the wool and carcases of sheep grazing natural pasture on the north-western slopes of New South Wales

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (111) ◽  
pp. 382 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
BA Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
The Mean

A group of six-month-old Merino wether weaners was grazed from January to July 1977 on a natural pasture containing seeds of wiregrass (Aristida ramosa), corkscrew grass (Stipa variabilis), barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) and burrs of Medicago minima. The sheep were then removed from the natural pasture, shorn and grazed for a further 23 months on lucerne and oats pastures that were free of grass seed. The number and species of grass seeds and burrs in the wool, hide and carcases were measured to determine the levels of seed and burr contamination and the long-term fate of seeds entering the carcase. The highest number of seeds in the wool, hide and carcase of sheep grazing natural pasture were those of wiregrass. Numbers of seeds of this species per 100 cm2 ranged from 85 to 651 in the wool, 43 to 159 in the hide, and 1 to 8 in the carcase. Most of the grass seeds in the wool were located on the stomach and shoulders, while most of the burrs were on the hind legs and stomach. Percentages of grass seed were highest about the stomach area and shoulders for the hide and carcase, respectively. After the sheep were removed from the natural pasture, and grazed on lucerne and oats pastures for 23 months, the mean grass seed contents decreased by 81% in the hide and 83% in the carcase. Wiregrass seeds were the only seeds that penetrated the hide and remained in the carcase. Numbers of contaminating seeds decreased most rapidly within 6 months of the sheep being removed from the natural pasture. Over the experimental period no seed-free hides or carcases were observed.

Temporal Decline of 1080 Within Meat Baits Used for Control of Wild Dogs in New South Wales.

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJS Fleming ◽  
RW Parker
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Short Term ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Residual Level ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Wild Dogs

Short- and long-term trials were conducted to determine the rate of decline of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) in meat baits used for poisoning wild dogs. Baits were injected with 0.2 ml of standard 1080 solution (nominal dose of 6.00 mg of pure 1080 per bait) and placed in the field. In the long-term trial, 10 baits were collected at 7 intervals between 3 h and 226 days, and analysed for residual 1080 by liquid chromatography. The recoverable 1080 content declined greatly over the first 48 days, although at 226 days all 10 baits retained some 1080. By 42.4 days the mean residual level of 1080 in the baits was predicted to be less than the theoretical LD99 for wild dogs. At the time of distribution, baits contained less than the LD50 for an average-sized eastern quoll. The LD99 for domestic cattle-dogs was predicted to be still present in baits at 72.9 days. Loss of 1080 from these baits was not correlated with rainfall, temperature or humidity. In the short-term trial, 10 baits were collected at 11 intervals up to 200 h. The recoverable 1080 content decreased by 3.09 mg (61% of the injected dose) within the first hour after injection and declined to a low of 2.70 mg at hour 50. The level of recovered 1080 then rose to 73% of the injected dose at hour 150.

Trade-offs between productivity and ground cover in mixed farming systems in the Murrumbidgee catchment of New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lilley ◽  
A. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Inadequate ground cover because of over-grazing of pastures, fallowing and stubble burning or excessive cultivation exposes land to degradation, yet maintaining cover can constrain productivity. We used long-term simulation analysis to investigate the impact of modifying stock and crop management practices on the trade-off between farm productivity (grain, meat and wool) and ground cover levels. Management of mixed farms at five locations (426–657 mm mean annual rainfall) in the Murrumbidgee catchment of New South Wales was represented for simulated farms that included permanent pastures, crop–pasture rotations, and a meat/wool sheep enterprise. Locations varied in their stocking rate, soil characteristics and proportion of land area allocated to various crops and pastures. At each location we investigated the impact on ground cover and farm productivity of (1) retention of wheat stubble, (2) altering stocking rate (up to ±25%) and (3) moving stock elsewhere on the farm when the mean value of ground cover fell below a given threshold (50, 60, 70, 80 or 90%) for either, all pasture on the farm or an individual paddock. The analysis showed that seasonal conditions were the dominant effect on the mean farm cover (mean range 64–98%); cover fell as low as 43–57% in severe droughts, depending on location. Retention of wheat stubble increased long-term mean cover by 1–4%, with little impact on grain yield. Altering stocking rate had the largest impact on cover at all locations (up to 4%), although there was a trade-off with productivity. Maintaining a constant stocking rate, although moving stock within the farm, had a small, positive effect on the whole-farm cover, although it reduced gross margin because of the cost of supplementary feeding. Confining stock to a 3 ha feeding lot was the most effective strategy for maintaining ground cover and minimising financial loss. Our analysis did not account for the benefits of maintaining high levels of ground cover on the long-term productive capacity of the farm through on-farm or off-farm environmental benefits. We conclude that ground cover is dominated by climatic effects, and that within the range of stock management practices examined in the present study, practices that increase minimum cover levels also reduce farm productivity. Reducing total stocking rate, or removing stock from the farm during periods of low cover, will have the greatest impact on maintaining cover, although it will reduce whole-farm profit.

An Aerial Survey of Nests of Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Gould (Megapodidae) in Central New South Wales

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brickhill
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ground Survey ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Malleefowl nests were surveyed by air, in six breeding seasons, in Round Hill Nature Reserve in central New South Wales. A technique for marking the nests from a helicopter so that they can be easily relocated was used. In an area of 20 800 ha, a total of 19 1 old nests were marked, only three nests being used for breeding in 1979-80. Correction factors from a ground survey show that about 43% of the nests present were found in 22 days aerial survey. The results show a very low population of malleefowl on Round Hill Nature Reserve and suggest a decline in the population in the last few decades.

Estimating the abundance of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Pople ◽  
S. C. Cairns ◽  
N. Menke ◽  
N. Payne
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ground Survey ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
The Impact

To provide an estimate of kangaroo numbers for harvest management, a survey was designed for an area of 29 500 km2 encompassing the agricultural and grazing lands of the Braidwood, Cooma, Goulburn, Gundagai and Yass Rural Lands Protection Board (RLPB) districts in south-east New South Wales. An aerial survey using a helicopter was considered more efficient than ground survey because of the size of the area, relatively high relief and dense tree cover, and the need for regular monitoring. Tree cover and landscape relief was used to stratify the five RLPB districts into areas of probable high, medium and low kangaroo density. Kangaroo density estimated from helicopter surveys conducted in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales was used to suggest densities and thereby allocate survey effort in each stratum. A survey comprising 735 km of transect line was conducted in winter 2003 with a target precision of 20%. The survey returned an estimate of 286 600 ± 32 300 eastern grey kangaroos for the whole of the proposed south-east New South Wales kangaroo-management zone. In 2004, a trial harvest of slightly less than 15% of this estimate was taken. Success of the trial will be determined by the impact of harvesting on the population’s dynamics, by landholder and industry participation, and by the capacity to monitor population size, harvest offtake and compliance with regulations.

Goat and Sheep Grazing in Shrub-Infested Semi-arid Woodlands of New South Wales.

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
BH Downing
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
New South ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Local Observation ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Western Division

Examination of data on dietary preferences of sheep, goats and cattle suggests that different grazing systems are desirable for each of the three major woodland types (belah-rosewood, mulga, poplar box) examined. Competition for herbs, frequently palatable to all animal species, indicates that goats and sheep are unsuitable for joint use either in heavily wooded country or where annual herbaceous production is less than 200 kg-ha. Supplementary feeding, fire and judicious stocking are proposed as a strategy for inducing goats to eat a proportion of unpalatable shrubs. The literature provides little helpful information on how rangelands in the Western Division should be managed. No reports are given on comparisons of grazing systems, such as rotational grazing, rotational resting, and continuous grazing. No guidance is given on grazing after burning of the rangeland. Recommendations are generally against the use of goats for control of woody plants, whereas local observation shows this to be an apparently effective practice. The recommendations are mostly based on experimental procedures which, although suitable for detecting animal dietary preferences in the short term, are less appropriate for investigation of the effects of grazing on range condition in the long term. Some suggestions are made towards a different approach for: investigating the effects of grazing by sheep and goats on rangeland condition, and the economic implications of this in terms of animal production.

Sydney rock oyster farming in Australia.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Nell
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Quality Assurance Program ◽  
First Year ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Time To Market ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Rock Oyster ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sampling Programme

Abstract The 120-year-old Sydney rock oyster industry in New South Wales (NSW) and southern Queensland is one of the oldest aquaculture industries in Australia. The industry has been forced to adapt to competition from other species, tighter harvesting and oyster storage and handling requirements as well as eroding profit margins. Recent changes in farming practices include the move away from stick culture to single seed culture, as the half-shell market demands a more uniformly shaped oyster. When selective breeding demonstrated that it could reduce time to market (50 g whole weight) by nearly a year out of an industry average of 3.5 years, the industry wanted to try hatchery technology. Although the industry had never used hatchery technology before, it purchased 10 million spat or 8% of its annual spat requirement from hatcheries in 2003-2004, the first year that they were made available to farmers. The industry also embraced the Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance Program, which requires that shellfish harvest areas be classified on the basis of a sanitary survey and the results of an ongoing strategic water-sampling programme. This programme ensures product safety for the consumers and helps to provide the industry with a long-term future.

How adolescents perceive that community-based exercise improves their well-being

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-459
Author(s):  
Kevin Rourke ◽  
Coralie J Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Parental Consent ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Team Games ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Perceived Benefit ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Energy Survey

Objectives: To determine if adolescents perceive community-based exercise as beneficial to their well-being and in what ways. Methods: A New South Wales Police Citizens Youth Club ran a four-week fitness course. The classes involved: 1) sports including basketball and soccer, 2) non-contact boxing drills, and 3) games, both team games such as dodgeball and non-team games such as line tag. Parental consent to offer a survey at the completion of the course was requested during registration. The survey was the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; it was minimally modified to measure perceived benefit to mental well-being instead of actual benefit. Results: Thirty-one high school adolescents, ages 13–18, completed the survey. As a group, participants reported that they believed their well-being had improved after the course. The mean score for each survey item showed an improvement in every area of mental well-being for this sample of adolescents. Thirty-two per cent of adolescents reported having less energy. Survey scores indicated a statistically significant improvement in perceived well-being ( p<0.0001). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that four weeks of community-based exercise improves perceived mental well-being in adolescent participants.

An Aerial Survey of 3 Game Species of Waterfowl (Family Anatidae) Populations in Eastern Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
LW Braithwaite ◽  
M Maher ◽  
SV Briggs ◽  
BS Parker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Game Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Black Duck ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Central Eastern

Populations of waterfowl of three game species, the Pacific black duck Anus superciliosa, grey teal A. gibberifrons, and maned duck Chenonetta jubata, were assessed by aerial survey in October 1983 within a survey region of 2 697 000 km2 of eastern Australia. The numbers of each species were assessed on all surface waters of over 1 ha, and on a sample of smaller surface waters within 10 survey bands each 30 km wide and spaced at intervals of 2� latitude from 20�30' to 38�30'S. The area within the survey bands was 324 120 km2, which gave a sampling intensity of 12.0% of the land surface area. The area of features shown as wetlands or water impoundments within the survey bands on 1 : 2 500 000 topographic maps was 19 200 km2 or 11.2% of the total area of these features in the survey region. The area of surface waters surveyed was assessed at 465 300 ha. Assessments of populations of each species were tallied for wetlands by grid cells of 6 min of 1� longitude along the survey bands (258-309 km2 depending on latitude). Distributions were then mapped, with log*10 indices of populations in each cell. Distributions of the black duck and grey teal showed a pattern of intense aggregation in limited numbers of cells, that of the maned duck was more evenly distributed. The major concentrations of the Pacific black duck were recorded in northern New South Wales and the south-eastern, western, central eastern and central coastal regions of Queensland; those of the grey teal were in south-western, western and northern New South Wales and central-eastern Queensland; the maned duck was broadly distributed over inland New South Wales with the exception of the far west, inland southern Queensland, and central northern Victoria.

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