Observations on the Food and Energy Requirements of Rainbow Lorikeets, Trichoglossus Haematodus (Aves:Psittacidae).

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
CE Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Fortified Milk ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Captive Trichoglossus haematodus were given a restricted diet of bread and honey or a supplemented diet of bread, honey and the fortified milk powder 'Complan'. On the former diet they lost weight and were less active compared to those on the latter. Both diets were very fluid and birds consumed the equivalent of 38 to 47% of their bodyweight daily. However, they ate significantly more of the supplemented diet, 15.1 g DM daily, than of the bread and honey diet, 12.8 g daily. Birds given the supplemented diet voided more excreta and lost more excretory energy, 28.9 kJ/day, than the others, 17.9 kJ/day, but the 2 groups did not differ in their gross energy intake or maintenance requirements. A captive lorikeet weighing about 150 g required about 230 kJ/day for existence, with an efficiency of food use of 89%. Allowing a higher energy cost for free existence, it is suggested that wild lorikeets could gather sufficient energy daily in 2.5 h.

Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and faecal and urinary losses of juvenile harp seals (Phoca groenlandica)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Keiver ◽  
K. Ronald ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Phoca Groenlandica ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Gross Energy

Assimilation efficiency of energy in juvenile harp seals was 92.5–95.0% of gross energy intake when fed Atlantic herring and 72.2% when fed shrimp. Faecal energy losses increased directly with intake. Metabolizable energy (ME) ranged from 85.5 to 88.7% of gross energy intake for a diet of herring. Urinary energy losses increased directly with apparent digestible nitrogen intake. Faecal and urinary losses were not affected significantly by feeding frequency. Urine excretion indicated that feeding causes a diuresis, associated with increased energy, nitrogen, and ash excretion. A significant interaction was found for rate of weight change between feeding frequency and energy intake. Seals lost more weight at energy intakes below their maintenance level when fed four meals rather than two meals per day. Differences in rate of weight change with feeding frequency were not observed at other levels of energy intake. Maintenance energy requirements were estimated at 2658 kcal ME daily for seals fed two meals per day and 3514 kcal ME daily when fed four meals per day. Seals required approximately 3 times as much shrimp as herring of high lipid content to meet their energy requirements.

Energy partition, nutritional energy requirements and methane production in F1 Holstein × Gyr bulls, using the respirometric technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
A. L. Ferreira ◽  
A. L. C. C. Borges ◽  
R. C. Mourão ◽  
R. R. Silva ◽  
A. C. A. Duque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The nutritional energy requirements of animals for maintenance and weight gain, such as the energy partition of the diet, were determined in different feeding plans. Fifteen F1 Holstein × Gyr, non-castrated male bovines with a mean initial liveweight of 302 kg were used. The diets were corn silage and concentrate, formulated to enable gains of 100, 500 and 900 g/day, called low, medium and high weight gains, respectively. Tests of digestibility and metabolism were conducted to determine energy losses through faeces, urine and methane emissions. Heat production was determined using respirometry chamber. Net energy for maintenance was calculated as the antilogarithm of the intercept of the regression of the logarithm of the heat production, as a function of the metabolisable energy intake. Retained energy was obtained by subtracting the heat production from the metabolisable energy intake. With the increased consumption of dry matter, there was an increase in faecal and urinary energy loss. Retained energy increased linearly with the metabolisable energy intake. The net energy for gain in the diet did not differ among the treatments, such as the efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for weight gain kg (0.34). The net energy for maintenance was 312 kJ/kg LW0.75, and the metabolisable energy for maintenance was 523 kJ/kg LW0.75. The daily methane production (g/day) increased with the dry matter level and the daily loss represented 5.31% of the gross energy consumption.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT OF SKIM-MILK POWDER AND LEVELS OF FAT AND PROTEIN IN MILK REPLACER DIETS ON THE GROWTH OF CALVES

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. LISTER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Fat Diets

High-temperature-treated skim milk (HTSM) used in milk replacers for calves resulted in no growth response to an increased protein level as compared with low temperature treatment (LTSM), where an increase in protein level from 20.7 to 25.6% of the dry matter resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in growth rate during the first 19 days on experiment. The HTSM resulted in a greater depression of gross energy intake than the LTSM when dietary fat levels were changed from high to low. Increasing the fat level from 18.0 to 20.9% of the dry matter improved calf health, and rate of gain (independently of energy intake) during early life. The intake of gross energy from high fat diets tended to be higher with the high protein level than with the low protein level. This tendency was reversed in the low fat diets. From 19 days of age to market weight (95 kg liveweight), energy intake increased with increased protein and fat in the diet. During this period, daily gain (after removing the effect of energy intake) responded only to increased protein level in the diet. However, calves fed HTSM had lower (P < 0.05) dressing percent than those fed LTSM.

scholarly journals Energy metabolism of pregnant zebu and crossbred zebu dairy cattle

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246208
Author(s):  
Helena Ferreira Lage ◽  
Ana Luiza da Costa Cruz Borges ◽  
Ricardo Reis e Silva ◽  
Alan Maia Borges ◽  
José Reinaldo Mendes Ruas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

The purpose of this study was to determine the energy partition of pregnant F1 Holstein x Gyr with average initial body weight (BW) of 515.6 kg and Gyr cows with average initial BW of 435.1 kg at 180, 210 and 240 days of gestation, obtained using respirometry. Twelve animals in two groups (six per genetic group) received a restricted diet equivalent to 1.3 times the net energy for maintenance (NEm). The proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) lost as feces did not differ between the evaluated breeds and corresponded to 28.65% on average. The daily methane production (L/d) was greater for (P<0.05) F1 HxG compared to Gyr animals. However, when expressed as L/kg dry matter (DM) or as percentage of GEI there were no differences between the groups (P>0.05). The daily loss of energy as urine (mean of 1.42 Mcal/d) did not differ (P>0.05) between groups and ranged from 3.87 to 5.35% of the GEI. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of F1 HxG animals was greater (P < 0.05) at all gestational stages compared to Gyr cows when expressed in Mcal/d. However, when expressed in kcal/kg of metabolic BW (BW0,75), the F1 HxG cows had MEI 11% greater (P<0.05) at 240 days of gestation and averaged 194.39 kcal/kg of BW0,75. Gyr cows showed no change in MEI over time (P>0.05), with a mean of 146.66 kcal/kg BW0. 75. The ME used by the conceptus was calculated by deducting the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) from the MEI, which was obtained in a previous study using the same cows prior to becoming pregnant. The values of NEm obtained in the previous study with similar non-pregnant cows were 92.02 kcal/kg BW0.75 for F1 HxG, and 76.83 kcal/kg BW0.75 for Gyr (P = 0.06). The average ME for pregnancy (MEp) was 5.33 Mcal/d for F1 HxG and 4.46 Mcal/d for Gyr. The metabolizability ratio, averaging 0.60, was similar among the evaluated groups (P>0.05). The ME / Digestible Energy (DE) ratio differed between groups and periods evaluated (P<0.05) with a mean of 0.84. The heat increment (HI) accounted for 22.74% and 24.38% of the GEI for F1 HxG and Gyr cows, respectively. The proportion of GEI used in the basal metabolism by pregnant cows in this study represented 29.69%. However, there were no differences between the breeds and the evaluation periods and corresponded to 29.69%. The mean NE for pregnancy (NEp) was 2.76 Mcal/d and did not differ between groups and gestational stages (P>0.05).

Energy requirements for maintenance and faecal and urinary losses of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ronald ◽  
K. M. Keiver ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
R. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Gross Energy

Assimilation efficiency of gross energy (±SD) in juvenile and adult grey seals fed Atlantic herring was 92.6 ± 2.1%. Metabolizable energy (ME) was 82.7 ± 4.8% of gross energy intake. Faecal energy losses increased directly with energy intake and urinary energy losses increased directly with apparent digestible nitrogen intake. Maintenance energy requirements were estimated at 4215 kcal (1 cal = 4.1868 J) ME daily for both juvenile and adult seals, equivalent to daily food intakes of 3.0–3.2 and 1.5% of body weight for juvenile and adults, respectively.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary protein and energy restriction on heat production and growth costs in the young rat

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny A. Coyer ◽  
J. P. W. Rivers ◽  
D. J. Millward
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Partial Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Induced Changes

1. The effect of dietary protein and energy restriction on heat production and growth costs has been examined in rats fed on a marginal (MP) or high (HP) protein diet, containing 9.2 % or 22 % respectively of the gross energy content as casein. Diets were given either ad fib. or at approximately 25, 50 or 75 % of the ad lib. intake.2. Heat production (kJ/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d) was increased by 23% in rats fed on the MP diet ad Lib., as compared with their HP controls (P < 0.01).3. Factorial analysis of the data showed that the overall cost of energy deposition (kJ/kJ; Ee) was elevated on the MP diet (MP 1.7, HP 1.28; P < 0.001). Maintenance requirements (kJ/kg W0.75 per d) for zero energy balance were unchanged (MP 562, HP 573).The partial energy cost of protein deposition (Ep) varied with dietary manipulation. If the partial energy cost of fat deposition (Ef) was assumed constant at 1.25 kJ/kJ, and maintenance requirements were assumed to vary with metabolic body size (W0.75), Ep was elevated on the MP diet. On both diets, Ep was reduced at low energy intakes.5. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of current approaches to the analysis and interpretation of findings describing dietary induced changes in the rate of heat production.

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

Estimates of the energy required for maintenance by adult sheep 2. Grazing sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Langlands ◽  
J. L. Corbett ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
G. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

SUMMARYThe mean daily digestible organic matter intake (D) of each of 47 adult sheep during a grazing period of mean length 48 days was estimated by the chromium sesquioxide/faecal nitrogen technique. Mean live-weights (W) and mean daily weight gains (G) were also measured.The regression of D on W and G, and the underlying or functional relationship between D, W and G were both estimated. From the underlying relationship, the preferred equation, the maintenance requirement of a 100 lb. sheep at pasture is estimated to be 1·02 lb. digestible organic matter daily. This value is 24% higher than the corresponding value for housed sheep obtained previously by us.This result is compared with other estimates of the energy cost of grazing and it is concluded that further work is needed in order to define those circumstances which elevate the maintenance requirements of grazing animals.

scholarly journals The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Pullar ◽  
A. J. F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Semisynthetic Diet ◽  
Direct Calorimetry ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Gross Energy

1. Measurements were made of energy balance by direct calorimetry, and of nitrogen balance in groups of lean and congenitally obese (‘fatty’) Zucker rats at body-weights of 200 and 350 g given a highly digestible semisynthetic diet at 14.0 or 18.4 g/rat per 24 h.2. Losses of food energy and N in faeces were very small. The fatty rats lost much more N in urine than did lean rats. Despite this the proportion of gross energy that was metabolized was 0.92 for both fatty and lean rats.3. In all trials, fatty rats lost a smaller proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) as heat and deposited less as protein than thin rats but deposited much more as fat.4. The amounts of ME required to deposit 1 kJ of protein and 1 kJ of fat respectively were shown by regression analysis to be 2.25 (±0.16) and 1.36 (±0.06) kJ respectively. These values agree extremely closely with recent, more tentative, estimates based on assumptions as to maintenance requirement which the present experiments were able to circumvent. It may be concluded with confidence that the energy costs of depositing 1 g of protein or fat are almost identical at 53 kJ ME/g.

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