Energy partition, nutritional energy requirements and methane production in F1 Holstein × Gyr bulls, using the respirometric technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
A. L. Ferreira ◽  
A. L. C. C. Borges ◽  
R. C. Mourão ◽  
R. R. Silva ◽  
A. C. A. Duque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The nutritional energy requirements of animals for maintenance and weight gain, such as the energy partition of the diet, were determined in different feeding plans. Fifteen F1 Holstein × Gyr, non-castrated male bovines with a mean initial liveweight of 302 kg were used. The diets were corn silage and concentrate, formulated to enable gains of 100, 500 and 900 g/day, called low, medium and high weight gains, respectively. Tests of digestibility and metabolism were conducted to determine energy losses through faeces, urine and methane emissions. Heat production was determined using respirometry chamber. Net energy for maintenance was calculated as the antilogarithm of the intercept of the regression of the logarithm of the heat production, as a function of the metabolisable energy intake. Retained energy was obtained by subtracting the heat production from the metabolisable energy intake. With the increased consumption of dry matter, there was an increase in faecal and urinary energy loss. Retained energy increased linearly with the metabolisable energy intake. The net energy for gain in the diet did not differ among the treatments, such as the efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for weight gain kg (0.34). The net energy for maintenance was 312 kJ/kg LW0.75, and the metabolisable energy for maintenance was 523 kJ/kg LW0.75. The daily methane production (g/day) increased with the dry matter level and the daily loss represented 5.31% of the gross energy consumption.

scholarly journals Energy metabolism of pregnant zebu and crossbred zebu dairy cattle

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246208
Author(s):  
Helena Ferreira Lage ◽  
Ana Luiza da Costa Cruz Borges ◽  
Ricardo Reis e Silva ◽  
Alan Maia Borges ◽  
José Reinaldo Mendes Ruas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

The purpose of this study was to determine the energy partition of pregnant F1 Holstein x Gyr with average initial body weight (BW) of 515.6 kg and Gyr cows with average initial BW of 435.1 kg at 180, 210 and 240 days of gestation, obtained using respirometry. Twelve animals in two groups (six per genetic group) received a restricted diet equivalent to 1.3 times the net energy for maintenance (NEm). The proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) lost as feces did not differ between the evaluated breeds and corresponded to 28.65% on average. The daily methane production (L/d) was greater for (P<0.05) F1 HxG compared to Gyr animals. However, when expressed as L/kg dry matter (DM) or as percentage of GEI there were no differences between the groups (P>0.05). The daily loss of energy as urine (mean of 1.42 Mcal/d) did not differ (P>0.05) between groups and ranged from 3.87 to 5.35% of the GEI. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of F1 HxG animals was greater (P < 0.05) at all gestational stages compared to Gyr cows when expressed in Mcal/d. However, when expressed in kcal/kg of metabolic BW (BW0,75), the F1 HxG cows had MEI 11% greater (P<0.05) at 240 days of gestation and averaged 194.39 kcal/kg of BW0,75. Gyr cows showed no change in MEI over time (P>0.05), with a mean of 146.66 kcal/kg BW0. 75. The ME used by the conceptus was calculated by deducting the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) from the MEI, which was obtained in a previous study using the same cows prior to becoming pregnant. The values of NEm obtained in the previous study with similar non-pregnant cows were 92.02 kcal/kg BW0.75 for F1 HxG, and 76.83 kcal/kg BW0.75 for Gyr (P = 0.06). The average ME for pregnancy (MEp) was 5.33 Mcal/d for F1 HxG and 4.46 Mcal/d for Gyr. The metabolizability ratio, averaging 0.60, was similar among the evaluated groups (P>0.05). The ME / Digestible Energy (DE) ratio differed between groups and periods evaluated (P<0.05) with a mean of 0.84. The heat increment (HI) accounted for 22.74% and 24.38% of the GEI for F1 HxG and Gyr cows, respectively. The proportion of GEI used in the basal metabolism by pregnant cows in this study represented 29.69%. However, there were no differences between the breeds and the evaluation periods and corresponded to 29.69%. The mean NE for pregnancy (NEp) was 2.76 Mcal/d and did not differ between groups and gestational stages (P>0.05).

scholarly journals Energy value of babassu cake as substitute bulk in sheep diets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1967-1980
Author(s):  
Kélvia Jácome de Castro ◽  
◽  
Silas Primola Gomes ◽  
Iran Borges ◽  
Fabrícia Rocha Chaves Miotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Babassu Cake

The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy value of diets containing babassu cake as a replacement for Tifton-85 hay (70, 140, 210, 280 and 350 g kg-1 dry matter, DM), using the technique of indirect calorimetry. Twenty-five castrated male Santa Inês sheep, with an average body weight of 49.6 + 9.4 kg, were used in a completely randomised design. The trial was carried out in an individual open-flow respirometry chamber for small ruminants, with each animal remaining for 24 hours inside the chamber. Gross energy and net energy intake were not affected by adding the cake. Digestible energy intake and metabolisable energy intake showed a linear response, ranging from 145.44 to 178.40 and from 121.85 to 158.08 kcal kg-0.75 day-1 respectively. The energy lost through faeces and methane (% of gross energy intake, GEI) showed decreasing linear behaviour, while the caloric increase, in %GEI, showed a quadratic response. The values for digestible energy and metabolisability presented an increasing linear response. The partial efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for maintenance ranged from 0.71 to 0.81, and showed a quadratic response; however, the net energy values did not differ. For every 10 g of added by-product, there was a reduction of 0.31 g of methane per kg of DM intake. The addition of babassu cake to replace up to 350 g kg-1 DM in sheep diets increases the energy efficiency of the diet and reduces methane emission by the animals.

scholarly journals Energy partitioning and methane emission by sheep fed sorghum silages at different maturation stages

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 790-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.S. Machado ◽  
N.M. Rodríguez ◽  
L.C. Gonçalves ◽  
J.A.S. Rodrigues ◽  
M.N. Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Gross Energy

Energy partitioning and methane production by sheep fed silages of three commercially available sorghum hybrids (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) harvested at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and floury) were evaluated in open circuit respiration chambers. A complete randomized design was used in a 3 × 3 (hybrids × maturity stages) factorial arrangement, and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P<0.05). The intake of dry matter, digestible dry matter, gross energy, digestible energy and metabolizable energy were not affected by maturation stage, but were influenced by hybrid. The net energy intake was influenced by maturity and sorghum genetics. The fecal output represented the main source of energy loss, as percentage of gross energy intake (48% to 52%), followed by heat increment (10% to 19%), methane emissions (4% to 6%) and urine (1% to 2%). There were no differences (P>0.10) among the treatments for the apparent digestibility of gross energy and metabolizability (qm). An interaction (P<0.05) between sorghum hybrid and maturation stages was observed for the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance (km), which ranged between 0.53 and 0.78. No differences (P>0.10) among treatments occurred in the daily methane production. There is substantial genetic diversity within sorghum species, determining different nutritional values. Sorghum genetics and maturity at harvest should not be an opportunity to reduce the contribution of agriculture to methane emissions.

Intake, digestibility, methane and heat production in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Galbraith ◽  
G. W. Mathison ◽  
R.J. Hudson ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
K.-J. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted in which the digestibility of alfalfa pellets and methane and heat productions were measured in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer in February/March 1995 and in April/May 1995. Voluntary dry matter intake (DMI) while animals were individually fed averaged 70, 87 and 68 g kg−0.75 d−1, respectively (P = 0.05), and was generally higher in April/May than in February/March. Corresponding organic digestibilities were 52.9, 54.1 and 49.1% (P = 0.10). There was also a trend (P < 0.1) for fiber digestibilities to be lowest for deer. Methane production (L kg−1 DMI), was 30.1, 23.5, and 15.0 L kg−1 for bison, wapiti and deer, respectively (P = 0.01), with more (P < 0.01) methane being produced in February/March than in April/May (28 vs. 18 L kg−1 DMI). No differences in heat production (kJ kg−0.75) or estimated energy requirements for maintenance could be detected between species, although animals numerically produced 40% more heat (881 vs. 632 kJ kg−0.75, P = 0.13) in April/May when feed intakes were higher than in February/March. It was concluded that DMI of native ungulates is higher in spring than winter and that methane emissions per unit feed consumed were the highest with bison and the least with white-tailed deer. Key words: Bison, deer, wapiti, digestibility, methane, calorimetry

scholarly journals Bayesian analysis of energy balance data from growing cattle using parametric and non-parametric modelling

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2068 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Moraes ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
A. B. Strathe ◽  
J. France ◽  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Parametric Modelling ◽  
Retention Models ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Non Parametric

Linear and non-linear models have been extensively utilised for the estimation of net and metabolisable energy requirements and for the estimation of the efficiencies of utilising dietary energy for maintenance and tissue gain. In growing animals, biological principles imply that energy retention rate is non-linearly related to the energy intake level because successive increments in energy intake above maintenance result in diminishing returns for tissue energy accretion. Heat production in growing cattle has been traditionally described by logarithmic regression and exponential models. The objective of the present study was to develop Bayesian models of energy retention and heat production in growing cattle using parametric and non-parametric techniques. Parametric models were used to represent models traditionally employed to describe energy use in growing steers and heifers whereas the non-parametric approach was introduced to describe energy utilisation while accounting for non-linearities without specifying a particular functional form. The Bayesian framework was used to incorporate prior knowledge of bioenergetics on tissue retention and heat production and to estimate net and metabolisable energy requirements (NEM and MEM, respectively), and the partial efficiencies of utilising dietary metabolisable energy for maintenance (km) and tissue energy gain (kg). The database used for the study consisted of 719 records of indirect calorimetry on steers and non-pregnant, non-lactating heifers. The NEM was substantially larger in energy retention models (ranged from 0.40 to 0.50 MJ/kg BW0.75.day) than were NEM estimates from heat-production models (ranged from 0.29 to 0.49 MJ/kg BW0.75.day). Similarly, km was also larger in energy retention models than in heat production models. These differences are explained by the nature of y-intercepts (NEM) in these two models. Energy retention models estimate fasting catabolism as the y-intercept, while heat production models estimate fasting heat production. Conversely, MEM was virtually identical in all models and approximately equal to 0.53 MJ/kg BW0.75.day in this database.

scholarly journals Methane production and energy partitioning in sheep fedAndropogon gayanusgrass ensiled at three regrowth stages

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel O. Ribeiro ◽  
Alex M. Teixeira ◽  
Frederico O. Velasco ◽  
Wilson G. Faria ◽  
Diogo G. Jayme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Ribeiro Jr., G. A., Teixeira, A. M., Velasco, F. O., Faria Jr., W. G., Jayme, D. G., Maurício, R. M., Gonçalves, L. C. and McAllister, T. A. 2015. Methane production and energy partitioning in sheep fed Andropogon gayanus grass ensiled at three regrowth stages. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 103–110. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of harvesting Andropogon gayanus at different regrowth stages (56, 84 and 112 d) on the nutritional value of silage and CH4emissions from sheep. Rams (n=18) were adapted to silages for 21 d after which intake and digestibility were measured over 5 d in a completely randomized design (six rams/treatment). Heat production and methane emissions from each ram were measured in a respiration chamber over 24 h. Silage dry matter (DM; 54.4 g kg−1BW0.75d−1) intake was not influenced (P>0.05) by silage regrowth stage, but apparent DM digestibility linearly decreased (P<0.05) from 526 to 380 g kg−1with increasing regrowth. Energy lost as a percent of gross energy intake (GEI) linearly increased with longer regrowth, yet no effect on CH4losses (as% GEI; g kg−1DM; g kg−1digestible DM) or heat production were observed. Ensiling A. gayanus grass at an earlier regrowth stage (56 d) will improve silage quality, but improvements in the energetic value are not due to a reduction in enteric CH4emissions as a% GEI.

scholarly journals Previous feeding level influences plateau heat production following a 24 h fast in growing pigs

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1082-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees de Lange ◽  
Jaap van Milgen ◽  
Jean Noblet ◽  
Serge Dubois ◽  
Stephen Birkett
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Factorial approaches to estimate energy requirements of growing pigs require estimation of maintenance energy requirements. Heat production (HP) during fasting (FHP) may provide an estimate of maintenance energy requirements. Six barrows were used to determine effects of feedinglevel on components of HP, including extrapolated plateau HP following a 24h fast (FHPp). Based on a cross-over design, each pig was exposed to three feeding levels (1·55, 2·05 and 2·54MJ metabolisable energy/kg body weight (BW)0·60 per d) between 30 and 90kg BW. Following a 14d adaptation period, HP wasestimated using indirect calorimetry on pigs housed individually. Dynamics of HP were recordedin pigs for 5d during the fed state and during a subsequent 24h fast. Metabolisable energy intake was partitioned between thermal effect of feeding (HPf), activity HP (HPa), FHPp and energy retention. Feeding level influenced (P<0·05) total HP during the fed state, HPf and activity-free FHPp (609, 644 and 729 (se 31) kJ/kg BW0·60 per d for low, medium and high ME intakes, respectively). The value of FHPp when expressed per kg BW0·60 did not differ (P=0·34) between the three subsequent experimental periods. Feeding level did not (P=0·75) influence HPa. Regression of total HP during the fed state to zero metabolisable energy intake yielded a value of 489 (se 69) kJ/kg BW0·60 per d, which is a lower estimate ofmaintenanceenergy requirement than FHPp. Duration of adaptation of pigs to changes in feeding level and calculation methods should be considered when measuring or estimating FHPp, maintenance energy requirements and diet net energy content.

The energy value of whole oats grain in adult wether sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Margan ◽  
NM Graham ◽  
TW Searle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Good Guide ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Carbon Balances ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Samples of Cooba and Coolabah oats were chosen on chemical analysis to represent relatively high and low quality grain. Each was evaluated by measuring energy, nitrogen and carbon balances in 4 adult sheep at several levels of feeding and during starvation. The Cooba contained, on a dry matter (DM) basis, 14% crude protein (CP), 23% cell wall constituents (CWC) and 19.1 MJ/kg gross energy (GE); the Coolabah had 10% CP, 31% CWC and 19.6 MJ/kg. With ad libitum feeding, respective DM intakes were 1.4 and 1.8 kg/day (3.3 and 4.4 times maintenance) giving daily retentions of 6.6 and 8.2 MJ and 6.2 and 8.0 g nitrogen. The availabilities of the gross energy of the Cooba at maintenance were 85% digestible energy (DE), 71% metabolisable energy (ME) (13.6 MJ/kg DM), 59% net energy (NE); when assessed as a production supplement, the values were 79,74 and 38% respectively. The results for Coolabah were 76% DE, 68% ME (1 3.3 MJ/ kg), 53% NE (maintenance); 64% DE, 6 1% ME, 36% NE (production supplement). It is apparent from the present and previously published results that the GE and ME/DE values of oats are higher than commonly supposed. Furthermore, although protein and fibre content indicate the relative digestibilities of feeds, they are not a good guide to relative NE values nor to attainable production in terms of either energy or protein.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RAPESEED FLOUR FOR MINK: EFFECTS ON LIVE PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, THYROID FUNCTION AND PELT QUALITY

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BELZILE ◽  
L. S. POLIQUIN ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Matter Basis

A trial for testing the replacement value of rapeseed flour (RF) (blend of Brassica napus and campestris) for raw meat was conducted with growing-furring mink. The RF contained 67% crude protein and approximately 1/10 of the quantity of glucosinolates normally found in commercial meal. Forty male pastel mink were fed diets containing 0, 6.5, 13.4 and 20% RF (dry-matter basis) from the end of July to pelting. On a dry-matter basis, the diets contained approximately 41% protein and the percentages of protein as RF protein were 0, 4.3, 9 and 12.4. Initially, the animals ate significantly (P < 0.05) more feed and grew significantly (P < 0.05) faster on the 0 and 6.5% RF diets, but later, weight gain and feed consumption were the same for all groups (P > 0.05). After 70 days on trial, weight gain was less (P < 0.05) on the 20% RF diet compared with the 0 and 6.5% diets. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen, and in nitrogen retention for the mink receiving the diets containing 13.4 and 20% RF. Mink fed the 20% RF diet showed significant (P < 0.05) thyroid hypertrophy, but at slaughter serum protein-bound iodine level was the same (P > 0.05) for all groups. There was little difference among groups with respect to pelt size and pelt quality.

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