Susceptibility of the tiger quoll, Dasyurus maculatus, and the eastern quoll, D. viverrinus, to 1080-poisoned baits in control programmes for vertebrate pests in eastern Australia

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Belcher
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Introduced Predators ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Free Feeding ◽  
A Site ◽  
Bait Stations

Captive trials were undertaken to determine whether tiger quolls and eastern quolls could detect baits that were either buried or covered with soil following the methods employed in normal buried-poisoned-bait programmes. Both tiger quolls and eastern quolls detected, dug up and consumed buried FOXOFF baits. Consumption trials showed that tiger quolls were capable of consuming 2–3 FOXOFF baits in a single meal and more than three baits overnight. Eastern quolls could consume up to 1.5 baits in a single meal. Field trials were undertaken to investigate whether tiger quolls in the wild could also detect and consume buried baits. Trials with both fresh meat and FOXOFF baits were undertaken at a site near a tiger quoll latrine, using a remote camera to record visits to the site and bait uptake. The results confirmed that tiger quolls in the wild can detect and consume both fresh meat and FOXOFF baits that have been buried or placed on the surface and covered with soil to a depth of 5–8 cm. The results indicate that the buried-bait technique is not specific for introduced predators, and free- feeding may not preclude non-target species from taking buried baits. Reliance on the identification of the species visiting bait stations from tracks may also be unreliable as foxes dug up bait stations searching for baits, even after the bait had been removed, potentially obliterating other tracks.

1080 aerial baiting for the control of wild dogs and its impact on spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) populations in eastern Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Körtner
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
New South ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Test Result

To further investigate the non-target impact of baiting using sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) to control wild dogs, a population of radio-collared spotted-tailed quolls was subject to an experimental aerial baiting exercise. The trial was conducted at a site on the New England Tablelands, New South Wales, without a recent history of that practice. Sixteen quolls were trapped and radio-collared before baiting. Fresh meat baits were delivered from a helicopter at a rate of 10–40 baits km–1. In addition to 1080 (4.2 mg), each bait contained the bait marker rhodamine B (50 mg), which becomes incorporated into growing hair if an animal survives bait consumption. Two quoll mortalities were recorded following aerial baiting. Both quolls died 3–5 weeks after baiting when baits, on average, retained little 1080. None of the carcasses contained traces of 1080, but the test result is less reliable for the quoll that was found 19 days after its death although tissue was well preserved because of the cool weather. Nevertheless, given that this animal died 34 days after bait delivery, it appears likely that none of the radio-collared quolls succumbed to baiting. In contrast, vibrissae samples collected from 19 quolls captured after the baiting showed that 68% had eaten baits and survived. Furthermore, multiple bait takes were common, with up to six baits consumed by one female. The results demonstrate that most, if not all, quolls survived the baiting trial, including those that consumed dog baits. Hence bait consumption figures per se are not indicative of mortality rates attributable to poisoning.

Effect of Presentation on the Attractiveness and Palatability to Wild Dogs and Other Wildlife of 2 Unpoisoned Wild-Dog Bait Types

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Allen ◽  
PJS Fleming ◽  
JA Thompson ◽  
K Strong
Keyword(s):  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Relative Attractiveness ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Wild Dog ◽  
Wild Dogs

Factory-prepared beef crackle cubes and fresh meat baits are routinely used with the poison 1080 to prevent or reduce predation by wild dogs, Canis familiaris. Four field trials totalling 674 bait nights per bait type were conducted in southern Queensland to assess the relative attractiveness and palatability of the two baits to wild dogs and non-target animals. Buried meat and surface-laid meat baits were also compared to assess the effect that bait presentation can have on control programme efficiency and non-target hazard. Fresh meat was found to be significantly more palatable to wild dogs than factory baits. Factory baits, despite being equally attractive to wild dogs as fresh meat, had significantly more visits by wild dogs where baits were not eaten. Fresh meat was significantly more attractive and palatable to non-target species than factory baits. Buried baits were equally attractive and palatable to wild dogs compared with surface-laid meat baits, yet had greatly reduced non-target bait take. The significance of the results is discussed with regard to the potential 1080 hazard to birds and reptiles (which removed 28% and 10% of baits, respectively) and the influence that non-target removal of baits may have on the efficiency and design of wild-dog control programmes. Extra keywords: Compound 1080, poison, SEA, sodium fluoroacetate.

Development of an automated double-ring infiltrometer

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Maheshwari
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Teaching Tool ◽  
Depth Sensor ◽  
Laptop Computer ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Double Ring ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Water Container ◽  
A Site

A double-ring infiltrometer is often used for measuring infiltration characteristics in the field, but the measurements are time-consuming and tedious, especially when several tests are to be monitored at a site. This is because the infiltrometer in its present form requires continuous attention and therefore limits the number of tests that can be monitored at a site in a given time. An automated double-ring infiltrometer has been developed to overcome these limitations. It consists of inner and outer rings, water level sensors, water container, depth sensor, solenoid valves, 12-volt car battery, laptop computer, and software to perform recording and basic analysis of the infiltration data. The infiltrometer requires little attention once the test is started and the computer provides up-to-the-minute summary of infiltration results while the test is still in progress. The automated infiltrometer worked very satisfactorily during the field trials and has considerable potential as a research and teaching tool.

scholarly journals Effects of Selection to Diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis Var. Israelensis on the Overwintering Successes of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 822
Author(s):  
Charalampos S. Ioannou ◽  
Christos Hadjichristodoulou ◽  
Varvara A. Mouchtouri ◽  
Nikos T. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Invasive Mosquito ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Successive Generations

Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito species responsible for local transmission of chikungunya and dengue viruses in Europe. In the absence of available treatments, insecticides-based control remains one of the most important viable strategies to prevent emerging problems. Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) are among the most commonly used larvicides for Ae. albopictus control with consequent concerns for the potential development of resistance. Studies on the resistance emergence in Ae. albopictus and its persistence in the wild to both DFB and Bti are essential for the efficient and sustainable planning of the control programmes. In this context, larvae from a recently laboratory established population were subjected to increasing selective pressure for nine successive generations using both DFB and Bti. The resistance levels and the overwintering success of the selected populations relative to control (colonies that received no selection) were determined. Results revealed an 8.5- and 1.6-fold increase on the resistance levels following selection with DFB and Bti, respectively. The selection process to both larvicides had no apparent impacts on the overwintering capability relative to control, suggesting the successful persistence of the selected individuals in the wild on an annual base.

Effects of bait-station design on the uptake of baits by non-target animals during control programmes for foxes and wild dogs

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair S. Glen ◽  
Chris R. Dickman
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
New South ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Target Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Bait Station ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Substantial Risk ◽  
Bait Stations ◽  
Wild Dogs

The removal of non-toxic baits was monitored during a simulated trail-baiting programme for foxes and wild dogs in the central tablelands of New South Wales. Ninety-one buried baits were removed by a number of species including spotted-tailed quolls, Australian brush-turkeys, superb lyrebirds, small mammals, wild dogs and a red fox. Spotted-tailed quolls were significantly less likely to remove baits buried under the ground surface than baits buried in raised mounds of soil. By means of remote photography, individual quolls were identified removing 3–4 baits in one night from bait stations 400 m apart. The results of this study show that spotted-tailed quolls and other non-target species may face substantial risk of consuming baits intended for wild dogs and foxes. However, the risk of poisoning spotted-tailed quolls may be significantly reduced by appropriate planning. Recommendations are made to increase the target-specificity of baiting programmes in areas with populations of spotted-tailed quolls.

scholarly journals Wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a possible vector of mycobacterial infections: review of literature and critical analysis of data from Central Europe between 1983 to 2001

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Machackova ◽  
L. Matlová ◽  
J. Lamka ◽  
J. Smolík ◽  
IMelicharek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Hawaiian Island ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Mycobacterial Infections ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
In The Wild

Infected animals in the wild, which can act as a reservoir and/or vector for the origin of bovine tuberculosis, are a great problem for national programmes seeking to free herds of cattle from the infection. The circulation of Mycobacterium bovis in the wild animal population might cause a slow-down in the progress of control programmes through the reinfection of herds of livestock. The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) living in the wild in Great Britain and Ireland, brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), ferrets (Mustela putorius f. furo) in New Zealand and wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Australia are among already known reservoirs and vectors of bovine tuberculosis. In 7 countries of Central Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) bovine tuberculosis in ca􀄴le was controlled as part of national control programmes more than 20 years ago. In the last decade M. bovis has been diagnosed extremely sporadically in cattle and other domestic animals as well as in wild animals held in captivity or living in the wild. This favour­able situation could be threatened by the mycobacteria spreading via the wild boar (Sus scrofa) which is susceptible to mycobacterial infection and very abundant in Central Europe. According to available literary data, mycobacteria were detected in 361 wild boar originating from countries other than those of Central Europe, such as Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, the Hawaiian island of Molokai, Italy and Spain. M. tuberculosis complex (33.9%) and M. bovis complex (39.8%) isolates were most frequently detected in the faeces and/or parenchymatous organs of wild boar. Of other mycobacterial species, M. intracellulare (3.8%), M. avium subsp. avium (3.8%), M. terrae (2.4%), M. fortuitum (2.2%), M. scrofulaceum (2.2%), M. gordonae (0.8%), M. simiae (0.5%), M. szulgai (0.5%), M. xenopi (0.5%), M. smegmatis (0.2%), M. vaccae (0.2%), fast-growing, further unspecified species (0.2%) and unidentified mycobacteria (8.8%) were isolated. Following the analysis of literary data and our own results, it was found that, in the area covered by the above-mentioned 7 countries of Central Europe, a total of 431 wild boar were examined for mycobacterial infections in the years 1983–2001. Tuberculous lesions in parenchymatous organs were found in 43 (10.0%) animals. M. bovis was identified in 22 (5.1%) animals, M. a. avium in 2 (0.4%), M. a. paratuberculosis in 1 (0.2%) animal and atypical mycobacteria in 27 (6.3%) animals. The wild boar may therefore represent, under certain unfavourable epizootio­logical conditions, a vector of some mycobacterial infections in not only animals, but also humans.

scholarly journals Influence of Sulfometuron Methyl on American Chestnut Seedling Growth and Leaf Function

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D. Robertson ◽  
Anthony S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Sulfometuron Methyl ◽  
A Site

Abstract The expected production, dissemination, and planting of blight-resistant hybrid chestnut seedlings calls for anticipatory studies to establish optimal management practices. To test phytotoxic potential of a site preparation herbicide, seedling growth and physiological function were measured for potted American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.). Six concentrations (0.0, 0.026, 0.053, 0.105, 0.158, and 0.210 kg active ingredient [ai] ha−1) of sulfometuron methyl (Oust) were applied to pots in April 2008, which were planted with 1 + 0 seedlings in May, and grown until November 2008. Changes in height, rootcollar diameter, and root volume and length were measured. A portable photosynthesis system was used to measure net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Seedlings treated with label-recommended doses (0.105‐0.210 kg [ai] ha−1) showed growth and leaf function suppression, including 55, 71, and 82% reductions in height growth, root volume, and net photosynthesis, respectively. These results indicate that a strong need exists for field trials, with various dose regimes, to be conducted to refine an application rate that minimizes phytotoxic damage while still providing suitable control of competition vegetation.

The Rabbit in Subalpine South-eastern Australia. I. Population Structure and Productivity

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Dunsmore
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
National Park ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Breeding Group ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
A Site ◽  
Better Than

An unconfined, almost completely tagged rabbit population on a site of about 100 ha was studied by observation and trapping for 5 years. The commencement of the study coincided approximately with the incorporation of the area into the Kosciusko National Park, the elimination of grazing by domestic livestock, and the cessation of the previously almost annual burning of the area. During the 5-yr study the fecundity of the rabbits declined to little more than half the initial level. This was not a result of the concurrently increasing age of the population, which was shown to be quite unrelated. It was also shown that the 1yr old rabbits were less fecund than the older rabbits, whose fecundity remained constant. Although it appeared subjectively to be so, the area was not uniformly suitable for the survival of rabbits. In one of its four subdivisions adult survival was much better than in the others; and in one of the others it was much the worst. During the study there was considerable immigration to the area, presumably balanced by migration. Females tended to remain where they were born and in no case changed from one breeding group to another. Males were considerably less sedentary than the females.

Utilization of Appetite for Sodium Salts to Control Rabbit Populations by Poisoning.

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Myers
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Control Rabbit ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Bait Stations ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Rabbits in subalpine areas in south-eastern Australia show a marked avidity for sodium salts during the spring and early summer months. During that period rabbit populations may be controlled by allowing access to soft wooden meranti pegs impregnated with sodium chloride and sodium luoroacetate (poison 1080). If the pegs are left out as permanent bait stations they produce long-term effective control. The method should be applicable to other areas in Australia where soil sodium is very low.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Sensitivities and Efficacies of Fungicides with Different Modes of Action Against Phomopsis asparagi

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niuniu Shi ◽  
Hongchun Ruan ◽  
Lin Gan ◽  
Yuli Dai ◽  
Xiujuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Population ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Inhibition Assay ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Phomopsis Asparagi

Asparagus stem blight caused by Phomopsis asparagi is a major hindrance to asparagus production worldwide. Currently, fungicides are used to manage the disease in commercial production, but resistance to common fungicides has emerged in the wild population. In the present study, 132 isolates of P. asparagi collected from different provinces in China were tested for sensitivities to pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fluazinam. We also determined the efficacies of six fungicides against P. asparagi. The frequency distributions of EC50 values of the isolates tested were unimodal, but the curves for pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole had long right-hand tails. The mean EC50 values for pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fluazinam were 0.0426 ± 0.0029, 0.6041 ± 0.0416, and 0.0314 ± 0.0013 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, the EC50 values for pyraclostrobin were very similar with or without salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), 20 μg/ml, indicating that SHAM is not needed to determine the sensitivity of P. asparagi to pyraclostrobin when using the mycelial growth inhibition assay. In greenhouse assays, Merivon (42.4% fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin SC), Frown-cide (500 g/liter fluazinam SC), Cabrio (250 g/liter pyraclostrobin EC), and Nativo (75% trifloxystrobin plus tebuconazole WG) showed excellent preventive efficacy against P. asparagi. And these fungicides were more effective before inoculation than when they were applied after inoculation (P < 0.05). Therefore, these fungicides should be applied prior to infection to control stem blight. In field trials, Frown-cide, Merivon, Nativo, and Cabrio also performed good control effects, ranging from 75.2 to 86.0% in 2017 and 75.4 to 87.1% in 2018. We demonstrated that Frown-cide, Merivon, Nativo, and Cabrio had considerable potential to manage asparagus stem blight. In addition, rotations of these fungicides are essential for precluding or delaying the development of resistance and for controlling the disease.

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