Development of an automated double-ring infiltrometer

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Maheshwari
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Teaching Tool ◽  
Depth Sensor ◽  
Laptop Computer ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Double Ring ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Water Container ◽  
A Site

A double-ring infiltrometer is often used for measuring infiltration characteristics in the field, but the measurements are time-consuming and tedious, especially when several tests are to be monitored at a site. This is because the infiltrometer in its present form requires continuous attention and therefore limits the number of tests that can be monitored at a site in a given time. An automated double-ring infiltrometer has been developed to overcome these limitations. It consists of inner and outer rings, water level sensors, water container, depth sensor, solenoid valves, 12-volt car battery, laptop computer, and software to perform recording and basic analysis of the infiltration data. The infiltrometer requires little attention once the test is started and the computer provides up-to-the-minute summary of infiltration results while the test is still in progress. The automated infiltrometer worked very satisfactorily during the field trials and has considerable potential as a research and teaching tool.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Sensitivity and Efficacy of Fungicides with Different Modes of Action Against Botryosphaeria dothidea

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1785-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Song ◽  
Lili Li ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Zengbin Lu ◽  
Xingyuan Men ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Ring Rot ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogen ◽  
The Mean

Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal agent of apple ring rot, is an important fungal plant pathogen that can cause serious reductions in crop yield, and fungicides still play a crucial role in management. In the present study, the sensitivity of B. dothidea to fludioxonil, fluazinam, and pyrisoxazole was assessed in 162 isolates. Moreover, the protective and curative activity of the three fungicides on detached apple fruit as well as the control efficacy in the field were determined. The results showed that the mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) values (± standard deviation) were 0.01 ± 0.008, 0.04 ± 0.03, and 0.02 ± 0.01 μg ml−1, with individual EC50 values of 0.002 to 0.05, 0.003 to 0.19, and 0.005 to 0.26 μg ml−1 for fludioxonil, fluazinam, and pyrisoxazole, respectively. In addition, the frequency distributions of EC50 values were both unimodal curves. However, significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between fludioxonil and iprodione, between fluazinam and iprodione, as well as between pyrisoxazole and difenoconazole. In field trials conducted during 2016 and 2017, the control efficacy ranged from 75.91 to 87.41% when fludioxonil was applied at 100 to 150 mg active ingredient (a.i.) kg−1, 81.90 to 85.13% when fluazinam was applied at 400 mg a.i. kg−1, and 77.43 to 80.97% when pyrisoxazole was applied at 400 mg a.i. kg−1. The control efficacy of the fungicides in storage was higher than 60%, with the exception of fluazinam. These results demonstrated that fludioxonil, fluazinam, and pyrisoxazole have considerable potential to control apple ring rot.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Dissipation Behavior of Defoliants in Cotton Fiber during Field and Scouring Process Using Liquid and Gas Chromatography

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingbo Ma ◽  
Pirah Ayaz ◽  
Wanhui Jin ◽  
Munir Hussain ◽  
Wenlong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Cotton Fiber ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Scouring Process ◽  
Applied Fields

Defoliants carried by cotton fiber could harm production workers and consumers through respiratory and dermal exposure. This study was carried out to evaluate the dissipation behavior of four commonly used defoliants tribufos, diuron, thidiazuron, and ethephon in cotton fiber during field stage and also in cotton scouring using liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Field trials showed that although all the defoliants dissipated fast, however, the fiber from the tribufos and ethephon applied field had considerable potential to exceed the maximum residue limit when the fiber was harvested at common intervals after application of defoliants. The defoliant residues could be removed completely from the defoliant-carrying cotton textiles during alkaline scouring. The results indicated that attention should be paid to the risk of occupational exposure to these defoliants rather than consumer exposure. Fiber harvest on the tribufos and ethephon applied fields is recommended after a 1-week delay in order to reduce the residues to an acceptable level.

scholarly journals Influence of Sulfometuron Methyl on American Chestnut Seedling Growth and Leaf Function

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D. Robertson ◽  
Anthony S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Sulfometuron Methyl ◽  
A Site

Abstract The expected production, dissemination, and planting of blight-resistant hybrid chestnut seedlings calls for anticipatory studies to establish optimal management practices. To test phytotoxic potential of a site preparation herbicide, seedling growth and physiological function were measured for potted American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.). Six concentrations (0.0, 0.026, 0.053, 0.105, 0.158, and 0.210 kg active ingredient [ai] ha−1) of sulfometuron methyl (Oust) were applied to pots in April 2008, which were planted with 1 + 0 seedlings in May, and grown until November 2008. Changes in height, rootcollar diameter, and root volume and length were measured. A portable photosynthesis system was used to measure net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Seedlings treated with label-recommended doses (0.105‐0.210 kg [ai] ha−1) showed growth and leaf function suppression, including 55, 71, and 82% reductions in height growth, root volume, and net photosynthesis, respectively. These results indicate that a strong need exists for field trials, with various dose regimes, to be conducted to refine an application rate that minimizes phytotoxic damage while still providing suitable control of competition vegetation.

Preliminary spray trials of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a control agent for the brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Kelly ◽  
P. H. Sterling ◽  
M. R. Speight ◽  
P. F. Entwistle
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
Euproctis Chrysorrhoea

AbstractA spray trial of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) as an insecticide for Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) is described. The trial was carried out indoors in the spring on third-instar larvae emerging from overwintering nests onto small potted hawthorn trees (Crataegus sp.); the equipment used was the Turbair Fox Ultra Low Volume Sprayer. Dosages applied ranged from equivalents of 1 × 1011 to 1 × 1013 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per hectare. Infection was first detected in samples of live larvae after ten days and indicated rates of infection consistently lower than the final mortality attained. Larvae began to die of NPV infections 11 days after spraying, and mortality due to the virus ceased after ca 20 days; most larvae died in the fourth instar. Over the range of virus doses from 1 × 1011 to 5 ×10 12 PIB/ha mortality levels rose with dose, to a maximum of over 90%. Increasing the dosage to 1 × 1013 PIB/ha elicited no further increase in mortality. This preliminary trial suggests that the virus has considerable potential as a control agent, and field trials are, therefore, in progress.

scholarly journals Application of Horton’s infiltration model for the soil of Dediapada (Gujarat), India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1254-1258
Author(s):  
M H Fadadu ◽  
P K Shrivastava ◽  
D K Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Model ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Double Ring ◽  
A Site

The design and evaluation of surface irrigation systems of a site requires reliable data of infiltration which could be provided by an infiltration model. In this study, Horton’s infiltration model has been estimated for the soil located in a field of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dediapada, Gujarat using the infiltration data obtained from several locations in the field using double ring infiltrometer. The decay constant of the Horton’s infiltration model was obtained using graphical method and also by using semi-log plot of t (time) vs. (f – fc), where f is the infiltration rate (mm/hr) and fc is the initial rate of infiltration capacity (mm/hr). The potential of the Horton’s infiltration model so obtained was evaluated by least square fitting with the observed infiltration data. The Horton’s infiltration model was used to estimate infiltration rate (mm/hr) and cumulative infiltration (cm). The Horton’s model for infiltration rate obtained by semi-log plot method was obtained as i=20 + 94 e-1.02t, where i=infiltration rate (mm/hr) and t= time (min). The coefficient of determination obtained when the infiltration model was applied to observation data taken at various points in the field were found to 0.96. Therefore, it could be inferred that the Horton’s infiltration model could give a reliable estimate of infiltration for the soil of Dediapada.  

Effect of wheat seeding rate on wild oat competition

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Radford ◽  
BJ Wilson ◽  
O Cartledge ◽  
FB Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Wheat Population ◽  
A Site

A series of field trials was sown on black earth soils on the Darling Downs, Queensland, with five wheat seeding rates x five levels of wild oat infestation. The lowest seeding rate required to produce optimum grain yield at a site was higher in wild oat infested plots than in weed-free plots. Increase in seeding rate reduced the dry weight of wild oats at maturity and increased the dry weight of wheat at maturity until wheat population density exceeded 150 plants m-2. Increase in seeding rate also reduced wild oat seed production, especially at low wild oat population densities.

scholarly journals Insights into rainfall undercatch for differing raingauge rim heights

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1564-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Muchan ◽  
Harry Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Operational Practices ◽  
South East England ◽  
The Uk ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The measurement of rainfall has a long history, but despite its apparent simplicity it is difficult to quantify accurately. The common installation of raingauges with rims above the ground surface results in a difference between the rainfall caught and the amount reaching ground level, termed undercatch. The UK standard installation of raingauges is for their rim to be sited at 0.305 m above the ground; however, the use of weighing gauges installed at a minimum rim height of 1 m has increased in recent years. The installation of these weighing raingauges raises complex questions of homogeneity in rainfall data across space and time. Here, we investigate the impact of these changes using field trials of commonly deployed UK raingauges at a site in south-east England. This paper discusses the results of the trial, exploring the variation in and potential drivers of undercatch with differing gauge sitings. With varying standards for gauge heights around the world and new rainfall measurement technologies coming to the market all the time, improved understanding of undercatch is needed to inform evolving operational practices and explore the possibility of developing catch correction algorithms to remove arising inhomogeneity in precipitation datasets.

A seismic modelling environment as a research and teaching tool for 3-D subsurface modelling

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis J Burford ◽  
Larry Ger ◽  
Edwin H Blake ◽  
Maarten J de Wit ◽  
C Moctar Doucouré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Tool ◽  
Seismic Modelling ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Modelling Environment

scholarly journals Dynamic computer simulations of electrophoresis: A versatile research and teaching tool

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 726-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Thormann ◽  
Michael C. Breadmore ◽  
Jitka Caslavska ◽  
Richard A. Mosher
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Teaching Tool ◽  
Research And Teaching

The Finite Element Method as a Research and Teaching Tool in the Analysis of Local Skin Flaps

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1029-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MANIOS ◽  
J. KATSANTONIS ◽  
A. TOSCA ◽  
CH. SKULAKIS ◽  
D. TSIFTSIS
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Teaching Tool ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Element Method
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