A systematic review of ground-based shooting to control overabundant mammal populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Bengsen ◽  
David M. Forsyth ◽  
Stephen Harris ◽  
A. David M. Latham ◽  
Steven R. McLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Population Management ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
Wildlife Populations

Abstract Context Ground-based shooting is widely used in management programs aiming to alleviate the impacts of invasive or overabundant wildlife populations. However, evaluations of individual shooting operations have shown variable results, and the effectiveness of ground-shooting as a population-management intervention has not been systematically examined. Aims Our review aimed to (1) assess the efficacy of shooting as a population management tool, and (2) identify commonalities among studies that will help managers identify situations where ground-shooting is most likely to be effective. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature to identify studies involving ground-shooting. From each study, we collated information about operational objectives, target taxa, geographic context, type of shooter used, effort, effectiveness, and use of additional control tools. Key results Most studies had no a priori quantifiable objectives. However, 60% of the 64 case studies produced a detectable reduction in population density and/or damage. The most common type of operation used unpaid or commercial harvest-oriented shooters to reduce herbivore density or damage. Only 30% of the operations that used volunteer shooters or recreational hunters achieved their objectives. Target taxa, geographic area or integration of shooting with other population-control methods had no detectable effect on the effectiveness of shooting operations. Common factors that hindered the effectiveness of shooting operations included immigration of target species from adjacent areas (n=13), decreasing effort from shooters as the target population declined (n=7) and selective harvesting (n=7). Conclusions Ground-based shooting can be an effective management tool for overabundant wildlife populations, but many shooting operations did not achieve a notable decrease in animal abundance or damage. The source of failure could often be attributed to an inability to remove a sufficient proportion of the population to cause a population decline. Implications Managers contemplating using ground-based shooting to reduce the impacts or density of wildlife populations should (1) carefully consider whether this is a suitable management tool to achieve the desired outcomes, (2) establish clear objectives that aim to meet defined outcomes and allow for continuous improvement, and (3) ensure that operations are sufficiently resourced to achieve and maintain those objectives.

scholarly journals Population Analysis Using Gis Software Tools – Case Study of Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Diana FICIOR ◽  
Tudor SĂLĂGEAN ◽  
Ioana Delia POP ◽  
Florica MATEI ◽  
Iulia COROIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Population Management ◽  
Attribute Data ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Gis Software

Population management is difficult and complex due to its dynamic and complexity. When we talk about demography, we talk about human population in a defined geographic area, meaning, demography is a spatial science. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a modern tool used in many fields, to manage attribute data and spatial data, including population management. The aim of this study is to present the size of population for each county and urban/rural area on two different years: 2012 and 2020, and the estimation of population growth until the year of 2050. Used for processing spatial data, ArcGIS package from ESRI, allows spatial and geostatistical analysis, mathematical calculations and the visualizations of data. Modern cartography is using GIS technologies to create maps in an easier and flexible way. GIS can use the existing analog maps after digitizing them. Using GIS, specialists can create maps at any scale, centered on any location and showing any selected information. ArcGIS tools permit to visualize, query and overlay the data bases related to the maps. Using ArcGIS applications, we determined the counties which present an increasing of population, and those presenting a decreasing of population, as well as the evolution of population in urban and rural area. In order to determine which counties are affected more by the population decline, we calculated the growth rate using the three major demographic variables: Birth, Death and Migration. In conclusion, we can say that the population in Romania has decreased in the past 8 years and is going to decrease even more in the next 30 years. This happened due to the low birth rate and high emigration rate.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF HEALTH LITERACY ON PROCESS AND OUTCOMES OF A DIABETES SELF-HELP INTERVENTION WITH KOREAN AMERICANS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S406-S406
Author(s):  
Miyong T Kim
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Glucose Control ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Korean Americans ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explicate the underlying mechanisms of the role of health literacy (HL) in diabetes management process involving a group of Korean Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We used data from a randomized clinical trial of an HL-focused diabetes self-management intervention (n = 250). A series of path analyses identified the level of self-efficacy and self-care skills as a significant mediator between HL and glucose control (HbA1C) and quality of life for the target population. In addition, education and acculturation were revealed as the most significant correlates of HL for this new immigrant group. Despite inconsistent empirical findings regarding the statistically significant effect of HL on glucose control, this study confirmed the apriority hypothesis that HL indirectly influences health outcome through mediators such self-care skills as self-efficacy. This study highlighted the importance of HL in chronic disease management for people with limited HL.

Maternal attendance patterns of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from stable and declining populations in Alaska

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L Milette ◽  
Andrew W Trites
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Eumetopias Jubatus ◽  
Steller Sea Lions ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Attendance Patterns ◽  
The Mean

Maternal attendance patterns of Alaskan Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were compared during the summer breeding seasons in 1994 and 1995 at Sugarloaf Island (a declining population) and Lowrie Island (a stable population). Our goal was to determine whether there were differences in maternal attendance between the two populations that were consistent with the hypothesis that lactating Steller sea lions in the area of decline were food-limited during summer. Our a priori expectations were based on well-documented behavioural responses of otariids to reduced prey availability. We found that foraging trips were significantly shorter in the area of population decline, counter to initial predictions. The mean length of foraging trips in the declining area was 19.5 h compared with 24.9 h in the stable area. In contrast, the mean perinatal period (time between parturition and first feeding trip) was significantly longer in the area of decline (9.9 versus 7.9 days), again countering initial predictions. The mean length of shore visits for the declining population was also significantly longer (27.0 h compared with 22.6 h where the population was stable). For both populations, the mean time that mothers foraged increased as pups grew older, whereas the time that they spent on shore with their pups became shorter. Behavioural observations of maternal attendance patterns are inconsistent with the hypothesis that lactating Steller sea lions from the declining population had difficulty obtaining prey during summer.

A Novel Ship Subdivision Method and its Application in Constraint Management of Ship Layout Design

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz de Koningh ◽  
Herbert Koelman ◽  
Hans Hopman
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Constraint Management ◽  
Damage Stability ◽  
Actual Design ◽  
The Impact

Conventionally, the rooms and spaces of a ship are either modeled as volumetric entities, or with the aid of bulkheads and decks. According to our knowledge, no simple representation exists where both entities can be modeled independently, and where automated conversion from one view (volumetric) to the other (planes) is possible. This paper introduces a simple yet effective approach, where a ship designer can mix the use of volumes and planes in any fashion. Furthermore, this modeling method is applied in a novel tool to manage ship subdivision constraints. As quite a few numerical constraints are known a priori, they can be defined in a list and assigned to specific subdivision elements. Examples are bulkhead locations or required tank volumes or deck areas. A constraint management tool is developed that evaluates the ship layout design during the design process. The designer will be able to modify or add constraints, and the tool will support the designer by managing these constraints during the design process. If the hull form changes, all submitted rules will be updated according to the new main particulars. If one of the constraints does not comply, an adjustment or alternative can be chosen at that moment and the impact of this change is directly visible. The designer can also ask the tool to provide a ship layout design that complies best with the constraints entered. When the Constraint Management program is used, a feasible ship compartment design can be made in a quick manner and the designer is kept from making errors. This means that a correct ship layout model is available on which probabilistic damage stability calculations and weight estimations can be performed in an early stage. This method has been implemented in a computer program, so actual design examples are discussed.

A&D High Tech (A): Managing Projects for Success

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Mark Jeffery ◽  
Derek Yung ◽  
Alex Gershbeyn
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Software Tools ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Management Software ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Project Plan ◽  
Project Management Software

The case is based on a real $25 million project at a major U.S.-based computer manufacturer. For confidentiality reasons the company has been disguised as A&D High Tech. The Web-based online ordering system project is required by sales and marketing for the fall holiday season. If the project misses this window, the firm will lose substantial market share to competitors. The A&D High Tech case examines how to create and analyze a project plan in Microsoft Project. Specifically, data is given to build the project plan step-by-step and then analyze the plan using the Microsoft project management tool. In order to make the case manageable for students we reduced the size of the project, and corresponding number of resources, to approximately $1 million, but retained all of the features of the original project. The project plan that students construct from the data given in the case is fraught with risks, and students must apply risk management techniques to diagnose the plan. Ultimately, students must answer the management question: Will the project be completed for the holiday shopping season? This case is the first in a series; the second is the case entitled “A&D High Tech (B): Managing Scope Change.” The case can also be taught using other project management software tools, such as Primavera.The case teaches students how to build a project plan in Microsoft Project (or other project management software tools). More important, the case teaches prospective executives how to analyze a project plan and identify risks of the plan, and define strategies to mitigate these risks. Students learn that in the planning stage of any project the risks are highest, but this is the best opportunity for proactive management intervention.

scholarly journals Freezing African Elephant Semen as a New Population Management Tool

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e57616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hermes ◽  
Joseph Saragusty ◽  
Frank Göritz ◽  
Paul Bartels ◽  
Romain Potier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Management ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Management Tool

scholarly journals A180: A Population Management Tool for Proactive Care of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in the Pediatric Rheumatology Care and Outcomes Improvement Network

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. S235-S236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy P. Ardoin ◽  
C. April Bingham ◽  
Beth S. Gottlieb ◽  
Ronald M. Laxer ◽  
Murray H. Passo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Pediatric Rheumatology ◽  
Population Management ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Proactive Care

scholarly journals Balanced Scorecard Perspectives and Organizational Performance: Case of Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-113
Author(s):  
Joseph Yaa Karisa ◽  
Lawrence Wainaina
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
National Hospital ◽  
The Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Kenyatta National Hospital ◽  
Financial Perspective

The balanced scorecard is a framework that organizations follow in aligning the organization strategy, communicate organization’s mission, prioritize projects, services and products as well as monitoring and measuring the advancement towards attaining the strategic objectives or targets. The overall organizational performance of Kenyatta National Hospital is still not up to standard even though it is anticipated to established high health-care standards offered to the public so that private and public hospitals can follow. Reports have revealed that cancer, heart, and kidney patients receive delayed treatment. In addition, the hospital is said to lack enough functional specialized medical equipment as well as inadequate financial support, industrial unrests, patients overcrowding, claims of medical negligence and poor service delivery. Therefore, it a major concern to the government and other stakeholders. Based on these challenges, Kenyatta National Hospital introduced a five-year strategic plan 2013 to 2018 centred on the Balanced Scorecard approach. It was within this context that the study sought to establish the influence of balanced scorecard perspectives on organizational performance of Kenyatta national hospital. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to find out whether focus on customer perspective, financial perspective, internal business processes perspective, learning and growth perspective influence the performance of KNH Kenya. The study was also guided by Stakeholder theory, Resource based view theory and institutional theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design with quantitative techniques. The target population for the study were 80 management staff of KNH. The sample size for the study was calculated to be 67. The study used stratified random sampling procedure and simple random sampling to recruit a sample that represented the target population. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire to capture participants insight on balanced scorecard perspectives and the overall organizational performance. Their responses on several items were scored and the scores were used in bivariate analysis and Multiple regression analysis. Descriptive statistics like measures of central tendency were used for continuous data while frequencies were used for categorical data. The data analysis was done using SPSS version 23. These results show that financial perspective and customer perspectives focus were statistically significant predictor of organizational performance at (p<0.05) while internal business process and learning and growth were not statistically significant when regressed together. An R squared of 0.593 which implied that focusing on all of the balanced scorecard perspectives contributed up to 59.3% of organizational performance. The study concludes that focus on balanced scorecard perspectives have a positive influence on organizational performance. However, there are variation on the magnitude of influence among the perspective. Therefore, the balanced scorecard can be used as a strategic management tool in public facilities and not only as a measurement tool. The study recommends that KNH should continue using the balanced scorecard and other public hospitals or institutions should also adopt it. The continuous usage and new adoption of the balanced scorecard would ensure better organizational performance.

Socio-Economic Effects Monitoring and Pipelines: Moving Towards a Practical and Project-Specific Framework

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Dowse ◽  
Meaghan Hoyle ◽  
Katherine Card
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Area ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Regulatory Requirement ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Recent Project

Socio-economic effects monitoring is emerging as a regulatory requirement and risk management tool in the Canadian pipeline sector. While socio-economic impact assessments have been part of the regulatory landscape for some time, the additional step of socio-economic monitoring beyond the predictions of the assessment, in a parallel fashion with environmental monitoring, has not. Generally, socioeconomic monitoring is a process to track project-related socioeconomic outcomes, to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation that was designed during the regulatory assessment phase, and to adapt or improve mitigation in order to respond to unanticipated outcomes. Different from mines or industrial facilities that are focused in one geographic area with a long term operating presence, pipelines present unique challenges with respect to socio-economic monitoring. Monitoring of pipeline projects requires an approach that considers the interests of often numerous administrative and geographic jurisdictions and the challenge of data collection over a relatively short-term construction period. These pipeline-specific factors are layered with the challenges associated with all socio-economic monitoring programs related to multiple influences on social and economic outcomes and the challenge of effect attribution. This paper provides an overview of socio-economic monitoring as a requirement in the Canadian pipeline context, and reviews the public domain approaches proposed by various recent project proponents in Canada. This paper ultimately presents a framework for a practical and focused socio-economic monitoring process that is uniquely suitable for the context of major pipeline projects (Pipeline Socio-Economic Monitoring — or P-SEM — Model). The P-SEM model will help Project Managers meet regulatory requirements, improve mitigation, buffer projects from broader socio-economic issues that are beyond their sole control, and create a touch point for engagement with project stakeholders through pipeline construction.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Reversible Contraception in Dog Population Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Santos Baquero ◽  
Ana Pérola Drulla Brandão ◽  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
Fernando Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Population Management ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Surgical Sterilization ◽  
Fertility Recovery

Background: Dog fertility depends on human-influenced factors such as sterilization. Uncontrolled fertility can result in unwanted births and overpopulation, which causes problems of public health and animal welfare. Surgical sterilization has been the traditional means of reproduction control but its cost and time can be prohibitive for mass sterilization programs. Non-surgical sterilization alternatives exist, but most of them are reversible and their effectiveness as a population management tool is unknown. To better understand the consequences of reversible contraception, the fertility dynamics was modeled in a hypothetical dog population in a steady-state condition.Materials, Methods & Results: The effect of reversible contraception was simulated using a coupled system of ordinary differential equations. A hypothetical steady-state population of 1000 animals was considered. It was formed by two compartments, one of fertile dogs and the other of infertile dogs. Natality compensated for a fraction of mortality, and the immigration rate compensated for the remaining fraction. The group of immigrant dogs was composed of fertile and infgertile dogs. The dog flow between compartments was given by both the contraception and fertility recovery rate. It was assumed that fertility reversibility in animals of the immigrant group was equal to that of animals already present in the population. Global sensitivities were calculated to assess the uncertainties of fertility dynamics associated with estimation of parameters. In addition, the local sensitivities were calculated to assess the influence of each parameter on fertility dynamics. The treatment effectiveness were expressed in terms of the total number of dogs treated for 20 years by taking a given irreversible contraception rate divided by the total number of dogs treated during the same period, and using the corresponding reversible contraception rate. The global sensitivity analysis consistently indicated a reduction in the number of fertile dogs. The local sensitivity analysis indicated that contraception rate was the most influential parameter, followed by the fertility recovery rate. The fraction of mortality compensated by natality was more influential than the fraction of infertile immigrants. Simulated scenarios indicated that the higher the contraception rate, the greater the difference between the effects of different fertility recovery rates. Variations in the proportion of infertile immigrants minimally changed the number of fertile dogs and the accumulated number of treated dogs. The increase in the fertility recovery rate caused effectiveness to decrease, especially when contraception rates were higher.Discussion: In certain scenarios, reversible contraception can be a viable option for reproduction control. Evaluation of effectiveness of the reversible contraception showed both the importance of duration of the contraceptive effect and the interaction between the contraception and fertility recovery rates. Although the contraception rate is the main determinant of population fertility dynamics, the fertility recovery rate modulates the effect of contraception and determines its viability. Reversible contraception is a viable alternative when loss in effectiveness is compensated by a reduction in costs and ease of application of contraceptive treatments. The lower the contraception rate, the higher the similarity between the effects of reversible and irreversible contraception.

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