Contraceptive efficacy of priming and boosting doses of controlled-release PZP in wild horses

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Rutberg ◽  
Kayla Grams ◽  
John W. Turner Jr ◽  
Heidi Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Contraceptive Efficacy ◽  
Contraceptive Agents ◽  
Wild Horse ◽  
Contraceptive Effectiveness ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Contraceptive Vaccines

Context At some sites, wild horse populations have been effectively and non-invasively regulated using remote darting with porcine zona pellucida (PZP) immunocontraceptive vaccines. However, this model has not been widely applied to wild horse herds in western USA, many of which are difficult to access because they roam large areas and are wary of people. Single-treatment, multi-year contraceptive vaccines would significantly broaden the scope for successful contraceptive management. Aims The aims of the present field studies were to (1) test the contraceptive effectiveness and longevity of primers incorporating PZP–adjuvant emulsions plus PZP and adjuvant in controlled-release pellets (‘PZP-22’); and (2) compare the contraceptive effectiveness and duration of PZP–adjuvant emulsion-only boosters with those of PZP-22 boosters when administered by hand or remote darting to PZP-22-primed mares. Methods Wild horses in herd management areas in Colorado and Utah, USA, were rounded up in 2008 and in Utah again in 2012. Previously untreated females received a single hand-injection of PZP–emulsion plus controlled-release PZP pellets (‘PZP-22’ vaccine) and were then released. In Autumn 2010, 50 Colorado females treated in 2008 were booster-darted with either the PZP-22 vaccine or the PZP emulsion alone. In Utah, 57 previously treated females rounded up in 2012 received hand-injections of either the PZP emulsion–pellet vaccine or the PZP emulsion alone. Maternity was established through field observation of nursing and other close associations. Key results Effectiveness of initial controlled-release PZP treatments over 2 years was low relative to previous trials. However, boosters delivered by dart or by hand to PZP-22-primed mares yielded high levels of contraceptive effectiveness for 3 years, with no consistent difference between simple PZP-emulsion boosters and boosters incorporating controlled-release pellets. Conclusions Priming mares with PZP-22 extends the efficacy of a subsequent PZP booster to at least 3 consecutive years. Implications Regulation of wild horse populations may be achieved with existing contraceptive agents by developing models and management plans that account for the increased longevity of repeated contraceptive treatments.

EFFECTS OF RESIDUES OF CHITIN-SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS ON EGG HATCH AND SUBSEQUENT LARVAL ENTRY OF THE CODLING MOTH, CYDIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Moffitt ◽  
K. D. Mantey ◽  
G. Tamaki
Keyword(s):  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Ring Stage ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Previously Treated

AbstractIn laboratory and field studies with the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), TH 6043 and TH 6044, experimental benzoylphenyl urea chitin-synthesis inhibitors, were as effective as diflubenzuron in reducing egg hatch and subsequent larval entry when eggs were deposited on previously treated fruits or foliage. All three compounds exhibited extended residual activity, with significant reductions in egg hatch occurring over a 19-week period. TH 6045 exhibited little activity against codling moth. All compounds tested were relatively ineffective in reducing egg hatch or subsequent larval entry when they were applied topically to deposited eggs, except for the red ring stage of development which was slightly affected.

Controlled-release components of PZP contraceptive vaccine extend duration of infertility

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Turner ◽  
Allen T. Rutberg ◽  
Ricky E. Naugle ◽  
Manpreet A. Kaur ◽  
Douglas R. Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
In Vitro Testing ◽  
Fertility Reduction ◽  
Contraceptive Vaccine ◽  
Fertility Data ◽  
Controlled Release Formulations

Successful immunocontraception of wildlife relying on repeated access to individuals for boosters has highlighted the need to incorporate primer and booster immunisations into one injection. We have investigated use of controlled-release polymers (lactide–glycolide) in small pellets to provide delayed in vivo delivery of booster porcine zona pellucida (PZP) antigen and adjuvant. This report reviews pellet-making methodology, in vitro testing of controlled-release pellets and in vivo effects of controlled-release PZP vaccine. We assessed 3 different manufacturing approaches for producing reliable, cost-effective pellets: (1) polymer melting and extrusion; (2) solvent evaporation from polymer solution; and (3) punch and die polymer moulding. In vitro testing of release patterns of controlled-release formulations, towards development of a 3-year duration vaccine, provided estimates for in vivo use of pellet preparations. These in vitro studies demonstrated protein release delay up to 22 months using 100% l-lactide or polycaprolactone polymers. For in vivo tests, pellets (1-, 3-, and 12-month release delay) serving as boosters were administered intramuscularly with PZP/adjuvant liquid primer to wild horses (Equus caballus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Horse field studies assessed fertility via offspring counts and/or faecal-hormone pregnancy testing. Treatment decreased fertility 5.3–9.3-fold in Year 1 and 3.6-fold in Year 2. In preliminary testing in deer, offspring counts revealed treatment-associated fertility reduction of 7.1-fold Year 1 and 3.3-fold Year 2. In elephants, treatment elevated anti-PZP titres 4.5–6.9-fold from pretreatment (no fertility data).

Taxonomic revision of the genus Cabassous McMurtrie, 1831 (Cingulata: Chlamyphoridae), with revalidation of Cabassous squamicaudis (Lund, 1845)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4974 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-78
Author(s):  
ANDERSON FEIJÓ ◽  
TERESA CRISTINA ANACLETO
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Cephalic Shield ◽  
Important Diagnostic Feature

Cabassous comprises armadillos lacking a full osteoderm cover in the tail, justifying its common name naked-tailed armadillos. In the only taxonomic revision of the genus, in 1980, four living species were recognized, including a polytypic taxon with two subspecies. Recent studies have questioned this classification, but a comprehensive taxonomic review is lacking. Here, we revise the taxonomy of the genus Cabassous using complementary morphological approaches and clarify the geographical limits of naked-tailed armadillo species. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses, we recognize five living species: C. centralis, C. chacoensis, C. squamicaudis, C. unicinctus, and C. tatouay. Most of the species can be easily differentiated using external or cranial traits, except C. centralis and C. unicinctus, which share several morphological features. The scutes pattern on the cephalic shield is an important diagnostic feature in naked-tailed armadillos and can be easily applied in field studies. Cabassous squamicaudis and C. unicinctus were previously treated as subspecies but we show they have conspicuous diagnostic traits, without mixture of characters even in closer contact. Cabassous species can be classified as open-dwellers (C. chacoensis and C. squamicaudis), forest-dwellers (C. centralis and C. unicinctus), or of more generalist habits (C. tatouay). We designate a lectotype for C. unicinctus to preserve its long-term nomenclature use. 

Field studies on the biofumigation of take-all by Brassica break crops

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
M. Sarwar ◽  
P. T. W. Wong ◽  
A. Mead ◽  
G. Howe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
Take All

Biofumigation refers to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens and pests by biocidal compounds released by Brassica crops when glucosinolates (GSL) in their residues decay in soil. We conducted field studies at 2 sites to investigate the hypothesis that biofumigation by Brassica break crops would reduce inoculum of the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) to lower levels than non-Brassica break crops, and thereby reduce Ggt infection and associated yield loss in subsequent wheat crops. High and uniform levels of Ggt were established at the sites in the first year of the experiments by sowing wheat with sterilised ryegrass seed infested with Ggt. Ggt inoculum declined more rapidly under Brassica crops than under linola and this reduction coincided with the period of root decay and reduced root glucosinolate concentrations around crop maturity. There was no consistent difference in inoculum reduction between canola (Brassica napus) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), nor between cultivars with high and low root GSL within each species. Despite significant inoculum reduction attributable to biofumigation, there were no differences in the expression of disease and associated impacts on the yield of subsequent wheat crops across the sites. Seasonal conditions, in particular the distribution of rainfall in both the summer–autumn fallow following the break crops and during the subsequent wheat crop, influenced inoculum survival and subsequent disease development. In wet summers, inoculum declined to low levels following all break crops and no extra benefit from biofumigation was evident. In dry summers the lower inoculum levels following brassicas persisted until the following wheat crops were sown but subsequent development of the disease was influenced more by seasonal conditions than by initial inoculum levels. Significant extra benefits of biofumigation were observed in one experiment where wheat was sown within the break crops to simulate grass weed hosts of Ggt. Under these circumstances there was greater reduction in Ggt inoculum under canola than linseed and an associated decrease in disease development. For host-dependent pathogens such as Ggt, we hypothesise that the benefits of biofumigation to subsequent wheat crops will therefore be restricted to specific circumstances in which inoculum is preserved during and after the break crops (i.e. dry conditions, grass hosts present) and where conditions in the following wheat crop lead to significant disease development (early sowing, wet autumn and spring, dry periods during grain filling).

scholarly journals Review on hard coral recruitment (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) in Colombia

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Acosta ◽  
Luisa F. Dueñas ◽  
Valeria Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Coral Recruitment ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Juvenile Coral ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Coral Communities ◽  
Reef Health ◽  
And Function

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Recruitment, defined and measured as the incorporation of new individuals (i.e. coral juveniles) into a population, is a fundamental process for ecologists, evolutionists and conservationists due to its direct effect on population structure and function. Because most coral populations are self-feeding, a breakdown in recruitment would lead to local extinction. Recruitment indirectly affects both renewal and maintenance of existing and future coral communities, coral reef biodiversity (bottom-up effect) and therefore coral reef resilience. This process has been used as an indirect measure of individual reproductive success (fitness) and is the final stage of larval dispersal leading to population connectivity. As a result, recruitment has been proposed as an indicator of coral-reef health in marine protected areas, as well as a central aspect of the decision-making process concerning management and conservation. The creation of management plans to promote impact mitigation, rehabilitation and conservation of the Colombian coral reefs is a necessity that requires firstly, a review and integration of existing literature on scleractinian coral recruitment in Colombia and secondly, larger scale field studies. This motivated us to summarize and analyze all existing information on coral recruitment to determine the state of knowledge, isolate patterns, identify gaps, and suggest future lines of research.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>Recruitment, juvenile, coral, Scleractinia, structure, reef, Colombia, density, richness, monitoring.</p><p> </p>

Effects of Starch Xanthate and Sludge Polymer on the Initial Activity with Delayed Incorporation, Residual Activity, and Crop Safety of Several Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Foley ◽  
L. M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Initial Activity ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Increased Activity

Field studies were conducted in 1977 and 1978 to compare the efficacy of the starch xanthate and activated-sludge polymer controlled-release herbicide formulations with the emulsifiable-concentrate formulations. As incorporation was delayed from immediately to never incorporated, starch xanthate and sludge polymer thiocarbamate herbicide formulations had activity equal to that of the emulsifiable concentrates at our initial and final rating dates. Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine)-starch xanthate in 1977 had increased activity over that of the emulsifiable concentrate as incorporation was delayed, as indicated by initial and final visual rating. Starch xanthate did not greatly increase the residual activity of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], or several thiocarbamate herbicides. Starch xanthate formulations of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) and vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) provided significantly less protection to corn than did addition of the protectant R-29148 [3-(dichloroacetyl)-2,2,5-trimethyloxazolidine]. The sludge polymer formulation had no controlled-release properties.

Case studies in wildlife immunocontraception: wild and feral equids and white-tailed deer

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Kirkpatrick ◽  
J. W. Turner Jr ◽  
I. K. M. Liu ◽  
R. Fayrer-Hosken ◽  
A. T. Rutberg
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Contraceptive Efficacy ◽  
Lethal Management ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Release Form ◽  
Booster Inoculation

Non-lethal management methods are required for wild equids that are protected by law and for deer inhabiting areas where lethal controls are not legal or safe. Single or multiple inoculations of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine have been delivered to wild horses and deer by means of darts. Contraceptive efficacy in horses after two inoculations ranged from 90% to 100%, and after a single inoculation ranged from 19% to 28%. Mares given a controlled-release form of the vaccine had foaling rates ranging from 7% to 20%. No detectable changes in social organization or behaviours among treated horses occurred. Contraceptive effects were reversible after 4 consecutive years of treatment but 5–7 years of treatment resulted in ovulation failure and decreased urinary oestrogen concentrations. Among deer, two inoculations were 70–100% effective in preventing fawns, but one inoculation yielded a contraceptive efficacy of ≤20%, with pregnancies occurring late in the breeding season; a single annual booster inoculation reduced fertility to 20% in the second year. Energy costs of extended breeding seasons were less than those resulting from pregnancy. After two years of treatment, ovaries appeared normal. These studies suggest that PZP immunocontraception can be successfully applied to certain free-roaming populations of wild horses and deer.

Field testing of single-administration porcine zona pellucida contraceptive vaccines in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen T. Rutberg ◽  
Ricky E. Naugle ◽  
John W. Turner ◽  
Mark A. Fraker ◽  
Douglas R. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
First Year ◽  
Single Administration ◽  
Contraceptive Agents ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Contraceptive Vaccines

Context Many contraceptive agents have demonstrated effectiveness in wild species, most notably immunocontraceptives such as GnRH conjugates and porcine zona pellucida (PZP). The major challenge in using these agents to control deer and other wildlife populations in the field now lies with safe, effective and efficient delivery to a large-enough proportion of the population to suppress growth. Aims Because deer and other wildlife are typically difficult to access for treatment, contraceptives that require multiple or repeated treatments will be of limited management value. To address this constraint, we conducted a field study of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Fripp Island, SC, USA, to test two different technologies for achieving single-administration, multi-year efficacy in PZP vaccines. Methods Between 2005 and 2010, we captured, ear-tagged and blood-sampled a total of 245 individual adult and yearling female deer. Deer were hand-injected at capture with one of two preparations of SpayVac or a combination native PZP–adjuvant emulsion plus PZP–adjuvant incorporated into lactide–glycolide polymer pellets engineered to release at 1, 3 and 12 months post-treatment. Pregnancy was determined from serum assays of pregnancy-specific protein B sampled from captured deer. Key results Aqueous SpayVac, and the PZP–adjuvant-containing polymer pellets manufactured through a heat extrusion (H/X) method administered simultaneously with PZP–AdjuVac or modified Freund’s complete adjuvant emulsions reduced pregnancy rates from control levels by 95–100% in the first year after treatment, and by 65–70% in the second year after treatment. Conclusions A single, hand-injected vaccination with SpayVac or PZP–adjuvant emulsion combined with H/X PZP pellets reduced fertility for multiple years. Implications Single-treatment, multi-year immunocontraceptive vaccines bring contraceptive management of wildlife populations one step closer. Future efforts should focus on improving handling and storage, developing technologies for remote delivery, and addressing remaining regulatory and management concerns.

Response of Dry Bulb Onion, Sugar Beet, and Pinto Beans to Imazosulfuron Soil Residues

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Felix
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Bulb Onion ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Pinto Beans

Field studies were conducted in 2010 in Ontario, OR, to evaluate the response of direct-seeded dry bulb onion, sugar beet, and pinto beans to imazosulfuron soil residues 12 mo after application to control weeds in potato. The studies were organized as randomized complete block designs with three replications each. Imazosulfuron was applied alone PRE at 224 and 450 g ai ha−1, sequentially at 224 g ha−1PRE and POST, or in tank mixture withS-metolachlor 1,060 g ha−1. Very few onion plants emerged in plots previously treated with imazosulfuron at 224 g ha−1, regardless of timing. Emerged onion plants were severely injured and never matured. No onions emerged from residues of imazosulfuron applied at 450 g ha−1. A few sugar beet plants emerged from 224 g ha−1but were severely stunted and never grew beyond the first set of leaves. There was no sugar beet emergence from imazosulfuron sequential applications, regardless of the rate and application timing. However, imazosulfuron residues did not affect pinto beans, which emerged and produced marketable yield, similar to grower standard and nontreated plots. The results suggest sensitivity of direct-seeded dry bulb onion and sugar beet, but not pinto beans, to imazosulfuron residues 12 mo after application.

C. P. Alexander review

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Rhainds ◽  
Edward G. Kettela ◽  
Peter J. Silk
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Gravid Females

AbstractThe Canadian registration in 2007 of Disrupt SBW Micro-Flakes®, a pheromone-based product for control of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), paved the way for large-scale trials to test the practicality of mating disruption as a commercial pest management strategy. We review results from field and laboratory experiments on pheromone-based mating disruption of spruce budworm conducted from 1974 to 2008. Application of pheromone from the ground or the air consistently reduced the orientation of males toward pheromone sources. Mating disruption also reduced the mating success of caged or tethered females in 15 of 16 field studies where this parameter was recorded, but had only a limited effect on the mating success of feral females. No consistent difference in the density of egg masses in control and treated plots was observed, which has often been attributed to immigration of gravid females into pheromone-treated plots. Laboratory studies suggest that false-trail following is the predominant mechanism underlying mating disruption in spruce budworm. The enhanced mating success of females with increasing population density suggests that mating disruption should target low-density emergent populations during the initial phase of an outbreak. Constraints that may limit the potential of mating disruption as a management tool include (1) difficulties associated with obtaining accurate sampling estimates at low population density to forecast the onset of outbreaks, (2) potential behavioral adaptations by which females enhance their mating success when the atmosphere is treated with pheromone, and (3) long-range dispersal of females by flight.

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