Case studies in wildlife immunocontraception: wild and feral equids and white-tailed deer

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Kirkpatrick ◽  
J. W. Turner Jr ◽  
I. K. M. Liu ◽  
R. Fayrer-Hosken ◽  
A. T. Rutberg
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Contraceptive Efficacy ◽  
Lethal Management ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Release Form ◽  
Booster Inoculation

Non-lethal management methods are required for wild equids that are protected by law and for deer inhabiting areas where lethal controls are not legal or safe. Single or multiple inoculations of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine have been delivered to wild horses and deer by means of darts. Contraceptive efficacy in horses after two inoculations ranged from 90% to 100%, and after a single inoculation ranged from 19% to 28%. Mares given a controlled-release form of the vaccine had foaling rates ranging from 7% to 20%. No detectable changes in social organization or behaviours among treated horses occurred. Contraceptive effects were reversible after 4 consecutive years of treatment but 5–7 years of treatment resulted in ovulation failure and decreased urinary oestrogen concentrations. Among deer, two inoculations were 70–100% effective in preventing fawns, but one inoculation yielded a contraceptive efficacy of ≤20%, with pregnancies occurring late in the breeding season; a single annual booster inoculation reduced fertility to 20% in the second year. Energy costs of extended breeding seasons were less than those resulting from pregnancy. After two years of treatment, ovaries appeared normal. These studies suggest that PZP immunocontraception can be successfully applied to certain free-roaming populations of wild horses and deer.

Immunogenicity and Contraceptive Efficacy ofEscherichia coli-Expressed Recombinant Porcine Zona Pellucida Proteins

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Gupta ◽  
Kausiki Chakrabarti ◽  
Krishna Prakash ◽  
Neerja Wadhwa ◽  
Tripti Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Ofescherichia Coli ◽  
Contraceptive Efficacy

Treatment of Parkinsonian Conditions with a Controlled-Release Form of Levodopa – Preliminary Study

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Nordera ◽  
A. Lorizio ◽  
P. Lion ◽  
C. Durisotti ◽  
G. D’Andrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Release Form

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilizer Type on Quality and Nutrient Content of Established Landscape Plants in Florida

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.K. Broschat ◽  
D.R. Sandrock ◽  
M.L. Elliott ◽  
E.F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Stenotaphrum Secundatum ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Pentas Lanceolata ◽  
Release Form

In a series of three experiments, st. augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘Floratam’), areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), canna (Canna × generalis ‘Richard Wallace’), pentas (Pentas lanceolata), allamanda (Allamanda cathartica ‘Hendersoni’), and nandina (Nandina domestica) were grown on highly leached sand soils in two locations in Florida. They were fertilized with typical turfgrass fertilizers having high nitrogen (N)-to-potassium (K) ratios and no magnesium (Mg), or several types of landscape palm fertilizers having low N:K ratios and 100% of their N, K, and Mg in controlled release form. St. augustinegrass, pentas, nandina, and allamanda visual quality were similar for all fertilizer types tested. However, cannas and areca palms had higher visual qualities when fertilized with an 8N–0.9P–10.0K–4Mg palm fertilizer than with higher N:K ratio turf fertilizers. High N:K turf fertilizers resulted in K deficiency severity equivalent to that of unfertilized controls and Mg deficiency that was more severe than unfertilized areca palms.

Assessment of Pharmacodynamics of a New “Controlled-Release” Form of Diazepam (Valium® CR Roche) by Quantitative EEG and Psychometric Analysis in Neurotic Subjects

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 408-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Saletu ◽  
J Grünberger ◽  
R Amrein ◽  
M Skreta
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Quantitative Eeg ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Psychometric Analysis ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Good Tolerance ◽  
Release Form

In a double-blind, double dummy, placebo-controlled study, the encephalotropic, psychotropic and pharmacodynamic properties of a new controlled-release form of diazepam (Valium CR) and the standard 5 mg tablets were compared by means of quantitative EEG and psychometric analysis methods. Ten patients exhibiting emotional and vegetative lability, nervousness and phobias, with an elevated neuroticism score (Eysenck), were recruited for the study. They were treated according to a crossover design with placebo, 15 mg diazepam CR and 3×5 mg diazepam with a 3-day wash-out interval between each administration period. They all received one tablet t.i.d. (8 a.m., 2 p.m. and 8 p.m.) and one capsule in the evening (8 p.m.). The main difference between the two forms of diazepam can be illustrated by the fact that in the morning, i.e. 8 hours after the evening medication, the increase in the anxiolytic drug effect on the CNS was consistently greater, to a statistically significant degree, during the Valium CR schedule than during the 5 mg tablet schedule. This was the case even after chronic administration of the drug over 5 days. The two forms of diazepam also differed with regard to their acute effects on attention, CFF and CNS activation. Attention deteriorated significantly less after the administration of the controlled-release forms than after 3 × 5 mg diazepam (3 hours after the morning medication). CFF was significantly more augmented in the morning after 5 mg diazepam than after 15 mg diazepam CR. There were no significant psychotropic inter-drug differences after chronic administration. The absence of clinically relevant changes in pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and side-effects indicates extremely good tolerance of both forms of diazepam by neurotic patients.

Fabrication, in vitro and in vivo Characterization of Solid Dispersion - Microsphere Controlled Release System for Lornoxicam

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraj Nupane ◽  
Dipti Srivastava ◽  
Mohini Chaurasia ◽  
Himani Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Solid Dispersion ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Release Pattern ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Vitro Release ◽  
Release Form

Background: Lornoxicam is widely used for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. However, it suffers from the limitations of possessing a relatively short elimination half-life ranging from 3 to 5 h, thereby; leading to repeated dosing which in turn may cause local irritation and ulceration. In addition, LXM also exhibits pHdependent solubility. Effective management of inflammation in diseases such as arthritis requires the formulation of delivery systems that may be able to provide immediate release of drug for instant relief which shall be maintained for a prolonged period. Objective: The present research work was aimed to modify the release pattern of poorly water-soluble drug Lornoxicam by designing a biphasic tablet comprising of solid dispersion (immediate release form) and microspheres (controlled release form) for the effective management of inflammation. Methods: The solid dispersion (SD) was prepared by melting method using PEG 4000 and tween 80 and formation was confirmed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) studies. Polymeric microspheres loaded with Lornoxicam were prepared by ‘Emulsion Solvent-Evaporation’ method using Eudragit S-100 and Eudragit L-100. Microspheres (MS) were evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading, drug content, particle size and in vitro release behaviour. Optimized microspheres (polymer concentration 0.5% w/v and drug concentration 0.1% w/v and solid dispersion (drug: PEG 4000: 4:6) were compressed in the ratio of 1:3 to produce biphasic tablet. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various pre-compression and post-compression parameters. Antiinflammatory activity of the F4, M6 and the combination of SD and Microspheres in a ratio of 1:3 was carried out by Carrageenan induced paw edema method in Wistar rats. Results: The solid dispersions prepared by melting technique showed an enhanced dissolution rate as compared to the pure drug. LXM microspheres exhibited a sustained drug release. In vitro release of lornoxicam from biphasic tablets showed that 20 % of the drug released at the end of first one hour, followed by 33% release at the end of 4th h and maximum release of 94.1 % at the end of 10 h. The prolonged effect continued till the end of 12 h. Results showed that the mixture of MS + SD exhibited 48 % inhibition in 30 min which is increased to 88.63% at the end of 4 h which can be explained by initial burst release from the soluble layer of SD (which gave initial required effective concentration of Lornoxicam) followed by sustained release from matrix of microspheres (which maintained required level of Lornoxicam in blood). Conclusion: A successful modification of the release pattern of LXM was achieved by designing a biphasic tablet comprising of solid dispersion for the effective management of inflammation.

Four-year contraception rates of mares treated with single-injection porcine zona pellucida and GnRH vaccines and intrauterine devices

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Killian ◽  
David Thain ◽  
Nancy K. Diehl ◽  
Jack Rhyan ◽  
Lowell Miller
Keyword(s):  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Intrauterine Device ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Contraceptive Efficacy ◽  
Intrauterine Devices ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

We evaluated the multiyear contraceptive efficacy of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine GonaCon, the porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine SpayVac and the human intrauterine device (IUD) 380 Copper ‘T’ in mustang mares provided by the State of Nevada. Eight untreated control mares were compared with 12 mares treated with SpayVac, 16 mares treated with GonaCon and 15 mares treated with the copper-containing IUD. Rates of contraception for Years 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively for SpayVac were 100% (12 of 12), 83% (10 of 12), 83% (10 of 12) and 83% (10 of 12), rates for GonaCon were 94% (15 of 16), 60% (9 of 15), 60% (9 of 15) and 40% (6 of 15) and rates for IUD-treated mares were 80% (12 of 15), 29% (4 of 14),14% (2 of 14) and 0% (0 of 14). Antibody titres against PZP and GnRH declined over the four-year study. For mares given SpayVac, uterine oedema was commonly observed. IUDs were visible by ultrasonography in non-pregnant mustang mares, suggesting that pregnant mares did not retain their IUD. IUD retention may be a function of uterine size: pony mares with IUDs had high retention and contraception rates for 4–5 years. We conclude that long-term contraception of mustang mares with a single shot of either the SpayVac or GonaCon vaccine is possible.

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