Methods and ethical considerations of pitfall trapping for the western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus Gould) (Marsupialia:Burramyidae), with observations on capture patterns and nest sites

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela J. L. Pestell ◽  
Sophie Petit
Keyword(s):  
Capture Rate ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Trap Depth ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Autumn And Winter

In order to enhance future trapping of the western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) and minimise the capture of non-target species in the context of animal ethics, we examined the effectiveness of several pitfall-trap capture methods and described capture patterns at Innes National Park, South Australia. For 2606 trap-nights, 78 (2.99 per 100 trap-nights) captures were pygmy possums (70 individuals). They represented 69% of the 113 vertebrates captured, followed by house mice (Mus domesticus) (22%). Nocturnal captures of pygmy possums varied with season (5.21 per 100 trap-nights in spring and summer, and 1.02 in autumn and winter). Males were more commonly captured than females. Half of the pygmy possums used the artificial shelters provided in the traps. We alternated 39-cm-deep and 31-cm-deep pitfall traps along trap lines, with and without drift netting. Pitfall depth did not significantly affect the capture rate of pygmy possums, but house mice were captured significantly more often in deep pitfalls. Use of a drift net did not affect the capture of pygmy possums, but increased mouse captures. These results have significant ethical implications because the use of ‘shallow’ traps and the elimination of the drift net minimised the capture of non-target mice. We recommend reporting trapping details precisely, because a difference of only 8 cm in trap depth can have a significant impact on species selected for capture. Our study also showed that pygmy possums are able to use a range of structures for daily shelter and are not dependent on hollows.

Population characteristics of house mice (Mus musculus) on southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen P. Waudby
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
South Australia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Yorke Peninsula ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Seasonal Population

Seasonal population characteristics of house mice (Mus musculus), including the effect of season on body mass, were studied at Innes National Park, southern Yorke Peninsula. Mice were caught with Elliott traps, ear-notched, and released. Over 1550 trap-nights (January to December 2006, excluding May), 202 mice were caught. The overall capture success rate was 13.03 mice per 100 trap-nights. The recapture rate was 42.57%. Body mass of adult house mice varied significantly among seasons (P = 0.009). In particular, mouse body mass varied between autumn and winter (P = 0.018), and spring and winter (P = 0.023). The body mass of mice captured in autumn and then recaptured in winter was also significantly different (P = 0.006). This study is the first published for M. musculus population characteristics on Yorke Peninsula and adds to the relatively limited information available on house mouse populations in non-agricultural habitats.

THE EFFECT OF SOD TYPE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN A PEST MANAGEMENT APPLE ORCHARD

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Holliday ◽  
E. A. C. Hagley
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractThe effects on carabids of natural, fescue, and rye sod types and of tillage were investigated in a pest management apple orchard. Carabids were sampled before and after the treatments by pitfall trapping and by two types of soil sampling. There were no significant effects of sod type on pitfall trap catches; however the abundance of all common species in soil samples was significantly affected by sod types. Usually in soil samples carabids were most abundant in natural sod and least abundant in tilled plots; numbers were intermediate in fescue and rye. Sod type did not affect structure or diversity of the carabid fauna.

scholarly journals Epistemic and ethical considerations in the direct-to-consumer health and ancestry genetic testing process

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Huerne
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Feminist Ethics ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
The Cost

Background: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) is a popular and fast-growing field within the healthcare industry. Consumers often pursue DTC-GT without a clear understanding of its epistemic and medical limitations. This report will present the current state of DTC-GT technology, and highlight the ethical, legal and social issues of DTC-GT. Methods: Quantitative methods such as systematic reviews were used to evaluate the field of DTC-GT. Experimental data was taken from randomized control trials and case studies of 23andMe. Qualitative methods such as newspaper articles and surveys were also used. Relevant policies and regulatory information were analyzed in the context of 23andMe. Broader ethical issues are analyzed from the social disability model and feminist ethics frameworks. Results: Several aspects of direct-to-consumer genetic testing are outlined: (i) regulatory and legal distinctions of DTC-GT that separate its use from conventional genetic testing, (ii) epistemic issues of the genetic testing process within the direct-to-consumer context, and (iii) ethical considerations of DTC-GT in regard to genetic health and genetic ancestry. Conclusion: This report does not take a position for or against the use of DTC-GT; rather, it highlights the key ethical issues often missed in the DTC-GT process. There is no perfect method for understanding genetic health and race. DTC-GT offer consumers the ease and power of taking genetic data ‘in their own hands’, at the cost of exacerbating geneticization and race essentialism. Until further work is done to address the epistemic, regulatory and legal issues, ethical implications of DTC-GT usage will continue to exist.

Effect of pitfall trap depth on epigaeic beetle sampling (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae) in wet forested ecosites in Alberta, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-820
Author(s):  
H.E. James Hammond ◽  
David W. Langor ◽  
Dustin J. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Trap Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Deep Traps

AbstractThe depth at which pitfall traps were sunk into the ground and the resulting catches of epigaeic Carabidae (Coleoptera) and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) assemblages in subhygric to hydric ecosites with very deep organic soil layers was investigated in the upper foothills ecoregion of Alberta, Canada. Traps were installed at seven sites, with six surface traps (the pitfall trap lip <5 cm below soil surface) and six deep traps (the pitfall trap lip >20 cm below soil surface) at each site. A total of 5289 beetles representing 75 taxa were collected. There were no significant effects of trap depth on catch. Rarefaction estimates of species diversity were higher in surface pitfall traps for both taxa. The similarity of pooled catches between deep and surface traps was on average 75%, suggesting that both trap types were collecting similar faunas. We found no advantage to using deep pitfall traps in addition to surface traps to sample the epigaeic fauna of wet forest stands and peatlands.

Payments for Participation of Children in Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 244-263
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Diekema
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Parental Decision ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Parental Decision Making ◽  
Participation In Research ◽  
Research Studies ◽  
Current Practices

Providing payment to those who participate is common practice for research studies involving both children and adults. While there may be good reasons for providing payment for research participation, there are also reasons to be concerned about the practice, especially when the subjects are children and the payment has the potential to distort parental decision-making by tempting parents to consider issues other than the welfare of their child. This chapter examines the ethical implications of providing payment to children and their parents for participation in research. After a brief survey of current practices regarding payments to research participants, the chapter will examine the distinct kinds of payments offered to research participants and their parents (Those intended to reimburse expenses and those intended to induce participation), evaluate the ethical considerations relevant to each kind of payment, and make some final recommendations concerning the provision of payments for research involving children.

Legal and Ethical Implications of Website Accessibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Bacsa Palmer ◽  
Ralph Henry Palmer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Communication ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
The Disabled

This article argues that business and professional communication practitioners, instructors, and students, besides becoming better informed about the legal context of website accessibility, should also become more aware of the ethical considerations of creating digital communication products that are inherently accessible for people with disabilities. Through a detailed review of the most important legal cases in the United States and discussion of ethical considerations concerning website accessibility for the disabled, we provide possible entrance points that will help instructors bring ethical considerations into the discussion of website accessibility. We urge instructors to regularly include disability in discussions of accessibility cases.

Behavioral Energetics of Overwintering in the Rifleman, Acanthisitta-Chloris

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lill
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Prey Capture Rate ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The role of behavioural adjustments in meeting increased daily energy requirements in winter was investigated in rifleman, Acanthisitta chloris, inhabiting lowland forest in South I., New Zealand, by comparing their population density, time-activity budget and foraging behaviour in autumn and winter. Rifleman foraged for 83% of daytime in both seasons. The combined effects on the birds' winter energy budget of increased thermoregulation costs and the shorter daylength for foraging were at least partly offset by an estimated 23-29% decrease in the amount of energy expended daily on activity and a 78% increment in prey caught per day. The reduced energy expenditure on activity resulted from rifleman spending less time on expensive flying and more time roosting. The increase in prey capture rate may have stemmed from a 35% seasonal reduction in the birds' population density and reduced prey mobility at lower ambient temperatures. Marked sexual size dimorphism was not reflected in gender differences in activity budgeting or prey capture rate, but the sexes differed in their relative use of foraging substrates. Rifleman showed few seasonal changes in daily activity rhythm or microhabitat use. The behavioural energetic overwintering tactics of rifleman are compared with those of other Australasian and north temperate zone land-birds.

Implications of soil type, pasture composition and mineral content of pasture components for the incidence of grass tetany in the South East of South Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Lewis ◽  
LA Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
The South ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Extractable Cations

The occurrence of grass tetany related deaths in cattle grazing pasture in the South East of South Australia is related to soil type. The greatest losses occur on the solodised solonetz soils, with few, if any, on the rendzina or siliceous sand soils in the region. Pastures from 3 soil types were sampled on 2 occasions during the growing period, and soils were sampled once. Comparisons were made for the pasture components of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in soils, and K, Ca, Mg, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) concentrations in plants. In the July sampling, the mean herbage K/(Ca + Mg) ratio for both annual and perennial grass species grown on the solodised solonetz soils exceeded 2.2 but was below 2 for the other 2 soil types. At the same time the mean K/(Ca + Mg) ratio for soil-extractable cations was 0.10 for the solodised solonetz soils but only 0.058 and 0.025 for the rendzina and siliceous sand soils. A critical value for the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio for the soil extractable cations of 0.07-0.08 is suggested. Of the 22 sites in the investigation, grass tetany deaths had occurred on 9 within the previous 5 years; all of these were classified as solodised solonetz soils. Deaths were reported in late autumn and winter, and in all cases the dominant pasture species growing at these sites in July were grasses. It is suggested that deaths ceased in spring because there was either a change to legume dominance or an increase in air temperature.

Equity in access to facial transplantation

2020 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106129
Author(s):  
Laura L Kimberly ◽  
Elie P Ramly ◽  
Allyson R Alfonso ◽  
Gustave K Diep ◽  
Zoe P Berman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Equity ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Barriers To Care ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Facial Transplantation ◽  
Equity In Access ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Fair Access

We examine ethical considerations in access to facial transplantation (FT), with implications for promoting health equity. As a form of vascularised composite allotransplantation, FT is still considered innovative with a relatively low volume of procedures performed to date by a small number of active FT programmes worldwide. However, as numbers continue to increase and institutions look to establish new FT programmes, we anticipate that attention will shift from feasibility towards ensuring the benefits of FT are equitably available to those in need. This manuscript assesses barriers to care and their ethical implications across a number of considerations, with the intent of mapping various factors relating to health equity and fair access to FT. Evidence is drawn from an evolving clinical experience as well as published scholarship addressing several dimensions of access to FT. We also explore novel concerns that have yet to be mentioned in the literature.

scholarly journals Nanomedicine: Techniques, Potentials, and Ethical Implications

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Ebbesen ◽  
Thomas G. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Cell Versus

Nanotechnology is concerned with materials and systems whose structures and components exhibit novel physical, chemical, and biological properties due to their nanoscale size. This paper focuses on what is known as nanomedicine, referring to the application of nanotechnology to medicine. We consider the use and potentials of emerging nanoscience techniques in medicine such as nanosurgery, tissue engineering, and targeted drug delivery, and we discuss the ethical questions that these techniques raise. The ethical considerations involved in nanomedicine are related to risk assessment in general, somatic-cell versus germline-cell therapy, the enhancement of human capabilities, research into human embryonic stem cells and the toxicity, uncontrolled function and self-assembly of nanoparticles. The ethical considerations associated with the application of nanotechnology to medicine have not been greatly discussed. This paper aims to balance clear ethical discussion and sound science and so provide nanotechnologists and biotechnologists with tools to assess ethical problems in nanomedicine.

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