scholarly journals Pig effluent-P application can increase the risk of P transport: two case studies

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt R. Redding
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Land Application ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Effluent Irrigation ◽  
P Application ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Net Load ◽  
The Impact

Land application of piggery effluent (containing urine, faeces, water, and wasted feed) is under close scrutiny as a potential source of water resource contamination with phosphorus (P). This paper investigates 2 case studies of the impact of long-term piggery effluent-P application to soil. A Natrustalf (Sodosol) at P1 has received a net load of 3700 kg effluent P/ha over 19 years. The Haplustalf (Dermosol) selected (P2) has received a net load of 310 000 kg P/ha over 30 years. Total, bicarbonate-extractable, and soluble P forms were determined throughout the soil profiles for paired (irrigated and unirrigated) sites at P1 and P2, as well as P sorption and desorption characteristics. Surface bicarbonate (P B , 0–0.05 m depth) and dilute CaCl 2 -extractable molybdate-reactive P (P C ) have been significantly elevated by effluent irrigation (P1: P B unirrigated 231, irrigated 2906; P C unirrigated 0.030.00, irrigated 23.90.2; P2: P B unirrigated 7248, irrigated 39501960; P C unirrigated 0.70.0, irrigated 443287 mg P/kg; means.d.). Phosphorus enrichment to 1.5 m, detected as P B , was observed at P2. Elevated concentrations of CaCl 2 -extractable organic P forms (P OC ; estimated by non-molybdate reactive P in centrifuged supernatants) were observed from the soil surface of P1 to a depth of 0.4 m. Despite the extent of effluent application at both of these sites, only P1 displayed evidence of significant accumulation of P OC . The increase in surface soil total P (0–0.05 m depth) due to effluent irrigation was much greater than laboratory P sorption (>25 times for P1; >57 times for P2) for a comparable range of final solution concentrations (desorption extracts range 1–5 mg P/L for P1 and 50–80 mg P/L for P2). Precipitation of sparingly soluble P phases was evidenced in the soils of the P2 effluent application area.

scholarly journals Soil phosphorus availability and soybean response to phosphorus starter fertilizer

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1487-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Antonio Rosolem ◽  
Alexandre Merlin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Surface Spread ◽  
P Sources

Phosphorus fixation in tropical soils may decrease under no-till. In this case, P fertilizer could be surface-spread, which would improve farm operations by decreasing the time spend in reloading the planter with fertilizers. In the long term, less soluble P sources could be viable. In this experiment, the effect of surface-broadcast P fertilization with both soluble and reactive phosphates on soil P forms and availability to soybean was studied with or without fertilization with soluble P in the planting furrow in a long-term experiment in which soybean was grown in rotation with Ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis). No P or 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the form of triple superphosphate or Arad reactive rock phosphate was applied on the surface of a soil with variable P fertilization history. Soil samples were taken to a depth of 60 cm and soil P was fractionated. Soybean was grown with 0, 30, and 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the form of triple phosphate applied in the seed furrow. Both fertilizers applied increased available P in the uppermost soil layers and the moderately labile organic and inorganic forms of P in the soil profile, probably as result of root decay. Soybean responded to phosphates applied on the soil surface or in the seed furrow; however, application of soluble P in the seed furrow should not be discarded. In tropical soils with a history of P fertilization, soluble P sources may be substituted for natural reactive phosphates broadcast on the surface. The planting operation may be facilitated through reduction in the rate of P applied in the planting furrow in relation to the rates currently applied.

Linking Scientific Research to Development Agenda

2018 ◽  
pp. 374-391
Author(s):  
P. K. Kenabatho ◽  
B. P. Parida ◽  
B. Matlhodi ◽  
D.B. Moalafhi
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, the scientific community has been urged to undertake research that can immediately have impact on development issues, including national policies, strategies, and people's livelihoods, among others. While this is a fair call from decision makers, it should also be realized that science by nature is about innovation, discovery and knowledge generation. In this context, there is need for a balance between long term scientific investigations and short term scientific applications. With regard to the former, researchers spend years investigating (or need data of sufficient record length) to provide sound and reliable solutions to a problem at hand while in the latter, it is possible to reach a solution with few selected analyses. In all cases, it is advisable that researchers, where possible should link their studies to topical development issues in their case studies. In this paper, we use a hydrometeorological project in the Notwane catchment, Botswana, to show the importance of linking research to development agenda for mutual benefit of researchers and policy makers. The results indicate that some key development issues are being addressed by the Project and the scope exists to improve the impact of the project.

scholarly journals The impact of copper-containing pesticides on ecological attributes and agricultural value of soils. The need for monitoring and assessment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Gabechaya ◽  
◽  
I.V. Andreeva ◽  
I.I. Vasenev ◽  
A.A. Neaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Content ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ecological Attributes ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Vineyard Soil ◽  
Vineyard Soils ◽  
The Impact

Copper-based pesticides have been used around the world for more than 200 years to control bacterial and fungal diseases in a variety of crops. In our review, we found that copper content from cupric fungicides in vineyard soil surface horizons often exceeds 200 mg/kg. However, there are few studies on copper content in vineyard soils in Russia. The fact of the matter is that soil microorganisms have greater metal sensitivity than plants. Therefore, the use of copper-based pesticides may damage microbial communities in vineyard soils and disrupt litter decomposition processes, thus leading to a long-term deterioration of ecological attributes and agricultural value of soils. It is this fact that makes the need for constant monitoring and assessment of the impact of copper-based pesticides on vineyard soils in Russia so paramount.

Measuring the Impact of Additional Rail Traffic Using Highway and Railroad Metrics

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Sogin ◽  
Christopher P. L. Barkan ◽  
Yung-Cheng Lai ◽  
Mohd Rapik Saat
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Utility Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rail Traffic

Long term demand for freight movements in North America is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades. The railroads are poised to take on this additional traffic assuming the capacity is available. Measuring the capacity of these rail lines is complicated by the interrelationships between asset utilization, reliability, and throughput. There is not a single metric that captures these intricacies. Capacity can be determined by delay-volume relationships, utility models, or economic study. For many case studies, railroads use parametric and simulation modeling to determine the train delay per 100 train miles. This metric does not tell the full story; especially when comparing different train types. The highway industry uses a different portfolio of metrics that can be adopted by railroad capacity planners. These metrics can be more sensitive to the worse performing trains. Additionally, these metrics can control for increased delay simply due to additional traffic. These concepts are illustrated by simulating the impact of additional 110 mph passenger service to a single track freight line.

scholarly journals Log Truck Value Analysis from Increased Rail Usage

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Sangpil Ko ◽  
Pasi Lautala ◽  
Kuilin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Products Industry ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
Time Efficiency ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
The Impact

Over the past several decades, the transportation of raw materials (logs) has increasingly shifted from the railway to trucks. However, the long-term sustainability of this shift is being questioned due to the shortage of truck drivers, fluctuation of fuel prices, and changes in hours of service laws. The industry is interested in the possibility to shift more logs back to the railway but the impact of such a shift on truckers has not been investigated. This study attempted to quantify the impact of such a change on the operations of log truckers by calculating time efficiency (percentage of daily hours of service for revenue activities) and value efficiency (average loaded versus total ton-kilometers per day) between a truck only and multimodal (truck/rail) alternatives. We used actual data from the forest products industry companies and truck performance data from an earlier study to investigate the impact through case studies in four different locations of the upper Midwest, US. The results of our analysis revealed that in three out of our four case studies, re-routing log movements through rail yard/siding improved the time efficiency and value efficiency. Finally, our sensitivity analysis found that increases in average truck speed and maximum hours or service had higher impact on multimodal transportation than in truck-only system.

scholarly journals Dependence of skill and spread of the ensemble forecasts on the type of perturbation and its relationship with long-term norms of precipitation and temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1505-1528
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Duniec ◽  
Andrzej Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Ensemble Methods ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
Ensemble Forecasts ◽  
Ensemble Prediction System ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Priority Project

Abstract A new computing cluster has been operating since 2016 at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute. Increasing computing power enabled the implementation of ensemble prediction system forecasts in the operational mode and the use of a new computer for research purposes. As part of the priority project on “Study of Disturbances in the Representation of Modeling Uncertainty in Ensemble Development” and the earlier project entitled “COSMO Towards Ensemble in Km in Our Countries), implemented in the Working Group 7 (Predictability and Ensemble Methods) as part of the COSMO modeling consortium, specific studies were carried out to test ensemble forecasts. This research concerned the impact of variability of physical fields characterizing the soil surface (a selected parameter determining evaporation from the soil surface and soil surface temperature) using various methods of perturbation. Numerical experiments were completed for the warm period (from June to September) 2013.

Effluent irrigation—an environmental challenge for soil science

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Effluent Irrigation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Environmental Challenge

With the growth of concern for the impact of humankind on the environment, soil scientists have increasingly shifted the emphasis of their work towards the effect of agricultural and other land management practices on the environment. This shift has required some changes to the way soil science is practised. The example of land application of wastes, an increasingly popular practice, is used to illustrate the role of soil science in the complex web of scientific, social, and economic aspects of environmental issues, and the need to influence community thinking and the policy debate. The issues often most likely to be limiting to effluent irrigation are excessive nitrate leaching, poor salt management, and the effects of increasing soil sodicity on current and future land uses. The scientific challenges that these pose are discussed, together with some broader issues including those associated with implementation of effluent irrigation, and socioeconomic and environmental considerations that should influence the decision to select effluent irrigation as the means for disposal or reuse.

Prognostic Impact of Soluble P-Selectin on Long-Term Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (02) ◽  
pp. 340-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Tscharre ◽  
Birgit Vogel ◽  
Ioannis Tentzeris ◽  
Matthias Freynhofer ◽  
Miklos Rohla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
The Impact

Background Soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), a biomarker of inflammatory pathologies including cardiovascular disease, is known to have pro-atherosclerotic effects such as the ability to increase leukocyte recruitment and modulate thrombotic response. We aimed to assess the impact of sP-selectin on long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients after coronary stenting for coronary artery disease. Methods We analysed 733 patients of a single-centre registry undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between 2003 and 2006. Plasma samples were analysed for sP-selectin antigen concentration with an enzyme-linked immunoassay. The study population was categorized according to sP-selectin quartiles. Endpoint of the study was long-term MACE, a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Results Of the total patient cohort, 361 (49.2%) patients were admitted for stable coronary artery disease and 372 (50.8%) for acute coronary syndrome. Median age was 64 years and 70.7% were male. After a mean follow-up period of 9.7 years, MACE occurred in 344 (46.9%) patients. The primary endpoint components of all-cause death occurred in 211 (28.8%), MI in 88 (12.0%) and ischaemic stroke in 45 (6.1%) patients. After adjustment for confounders, patients in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartile were at higher risk for MACE compared with the 1st quartile (hazard ration [HR], 1.234 [0.899–1.695], p = 0.193; HR, 1.480 [1.085–2.019], p = 0.013; and HR, 1.571 [1.115–2.152], p = 0.004). sP-selectin as continuous variable model was significantly associated with MACE after adjustment (HR per 1 ng/mL increase of 1.009 [95% confidence interval, 1.002–1.017]; p = 0.016). Conclusion Elevated levels of sP-selectin were associated with increased risk for long-term MACE in patients undergoing PCI.

scholarly journals Vying for a Man Seat: Gender Quotas and Sustainable Representation in Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda B. Edgell
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Ceiling Effect ◽  
National Election ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Abstract:This article explores the impact of gender quotas on sustainable representation in Africa. Sustainable representation is broadly defined as viable and substantial political representation secured for the long run. The research draws on evidence from cross-national election data and two case studies, Uganda and Kenya, which demonstrate that women rarely exceed the minimum thresholds set by gender quotas. This suggests that these quotas may have a ceiling effect on women’s representation. For gender quotas to generate long-term representational outcomes, they must be designed to account for other characteristics of the electoral context that affect women’s participation outside the quota mandate.

scholarly journals What is the impact of human wastewater biosolids (sewage sludge) application on long-term soil carbon sequestration rates? A systematic review protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike J. Badzmierowski ◽  
Gregory K. Evanylo ◽  
W. Lee Daniels ◽  
Kathryn C. Haering
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon Stocks ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Human wastewater biosolids, hereafter referred to as biosolids, are produced in significant quantities around the world and often applied to an extensive land mass including agricultural fields, forests, mine lands, and urban areas. Land-application of biosolids has been reported in peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed work to change soil organic carbon stocks in varying amounts. Determining the potential of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock change and sequestration from biosolids land application is critical for biosolids producers and users to gain access to carbon credit markets. Our review question is, "what is the impact of biosolids application on long-term soil carbon sequestration rates?” We look to explore this main question with the follow-up, "does biosolids processing methods and characteristics, application method, soil properties, land management and other modifiers affect rates of carbon accumulation from land-applied biosolids?" Methods Searches will be conducted using online databases (i.e., Web of Science Core Collection, CAB Abstracts, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global), search engines (Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic), and specialist websites to find primary field studies and grey literature of biosolids land-application effects on soil organic carbon stocks. We will use English search terms and predefined inclusion criteria of: (1) a field study of at least 24 months that reports soil organic carbon/matter (SOC/SOM) concentrations/stocks; (2) has two types of treatments: (i) a control (non-intervention AND/OR synthetic fertilizer) AND (ii) a biosolids-based amendment; and (3) information of amendment properties and application dates and rates to estimate the relative contribution of the applied materials to SOC changes. We will screen results in two stages: (1) title and abstract and (2) full text. A 10% subset will be screened by two reviewers for inclusion at the title and abstract level and use a kappa analysis to ensure agreement of at least 0.61. All results in the full text stage will be dual screened. Data will be extracted by one person and reviewed by a second person. Critical appraisal will be used to assess studies’ potential bias and done by two reviewers. A meta-analysis using random effects models will be conducted if sufficient data of high enough quality are extracted.

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