Determining ECa-depth profiles from electromagnetic induction measurements

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Slavich
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Linear Combinations ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Average Profile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparent Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Depth Response

The response of the EM-38 instrument to a wide range of simulated apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) profiles of different shape and mean ECa was modelled using depth response functions derived for uniform ECa profiles. Relationships between the calculated EM-38 readings and average profile ECa for depths to 1 m were determined using linear regression. These relationships were used to predict ECa profiles measured in the field using a 4-electrode probe. The mean profile ECa of the simulated profiles was strongly correlated with simple linear combinations of the calculated vertical (EM,) and horizontal (EMh) dipole measurements. The model calculations indicated that the depth to which the EM-38 measures may vary from 1.65 to 5 m, depending on the ECa of these layers and the instrument range setting. Apparent electrical conductivity profiles measured with a 4-electrode probe were more closely predicted from EM-38 measurements using this approach than the established coefficient approach of D. L. Corwin and J. D. Rhoades. The results indicate that the depth response functions, derived for homogeneous profiles, also apply to heterogeneous profiles.

scholarly journals A geophysical profile at the foot of the Dutch coastal dunes near the former outlet of the ‘Old Rhine’

2004 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Seijmonsbergen ◽  
D.T. Biewinga ◽  
A.P. Pruissers
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Drill Hole ◽  
Peat Layer ◽  
Varying Thickness ◽  
Dutch Coast ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparent Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Coastal Deposits ◽  
Made In

AbstractThe apparent electrical conductivity of the subsurface along the Dutch coast between ‘Wassenaarse Slag’ (beach post 92.250) and north of Noordwijk aan Zee (beach post 77.750) reflects the spatial distribution of Holocene coastal deposits. Using a Geonics EM-34 a threefold division based on the mean electrical conductivity could be made in the outlet area of the River Old Rhine. 1) A section showing a sequence of sandy deposits that resembles the Schoorl Member of the Naaldwijk Formation on top of the Zandvoort Member of the Naaldwijk Formation. 2) A section underlain by a shallow clay/peat layer of varying thickness belonging to the Naaldwijk Formation (Walcheren Member) / Nieuwkoop Formation (Hollandveen Member), intercalated within the Schoorl Member and Zandvoort Member of the Naaldwijk Formation. South of the Old Rhine locally Wormer Member deposits of the Naaldwijk Formation underlie these clay/peat layers. 3) A section characterized by channel fill deposits of the former Rhine reaching to -20 m below Normaal Amsterdam Peil (N.A.P.), and belonging to deposits of the Wormer Member of the Naaldwijk Formation, and to two facies of the Naaldwijk Formation (Walcheren Member). The geophysical transect was calibrated using existing nearby drill hole data, so that a continuous snapshot of the subsurface was gained. Therefore this research also contributes to the recent genesis of this part of the Dutch coast.

scholarly journals HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DNIESTER ESTUARY BY SURVEYS IN THE SUMMER’S OF 2003–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1(38)) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Ye. І. Gazyetov ◽  
V. І. Medinets ◽  
S. M. Snigirov ◽  
N. V. Kovaleva ◽  
S. V. Medinets
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Hydrological Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The Mean

Problem Statement and Purpose. The Lower Dniester delta and the Dniester estuary are very important because they are natural filters of the river water from pollution and suspended matter, as well as they are the habitat of a large number species of flora and fauna. The construction of reservoirs on the Dniester River in past completely changed the hydrological regime of the river itself and of the Dniester estuary. For these reasons a constant environmental monitoring of the aquatic environment are required. Since 2002 Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University has been carrying out a wide range of environmental studies in the Dniester estuary, one of aspects of which is observation of hydrological characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to study long-term changes in transparency, temperature and electrical conductivity of the Dniester estuary water in the summer periods of 2003–2019. Materials & Methods. Measurements of transparency, temperature and electrical conductivity of water in the Dniester estuary in the indicated years were carried out according to standard methods at 19 ecological stations. Statistical processing, analysis and mapping of the measurements results were conducted in EXCEL, ARCGIS, SURFER software’s. Data analysis was based on a graphical representation of the spatial distribution of characteristics, as well as by identifying the features of long-term changes in these characteristics. Main Results and Conclusions. On the basis of the summer surveys during 2003–2019 more than double decrease of water transparency mean values in the Dniester estuary has been established. It was found that the maximum transparency values were observed in the central parts of the estuary, far from settlements. For theseyears, an increase of the mean water temperature for the estuary northern part and its decrease in the middle and southern parts has been recorded. Also, for the summer period of these years, an increase of the mean water electrical conductivity in all parts of the estuary was established. The established features of spatial distribution of hydrological characteristics indicate to the river runoff, intrusion of seawater into the estuary, and wind activity as the determining factors in formation of the estuary hydrological regime. Recorded long-term trends of the means transparency values decreasing and the means temperature and electrical conductivity increasing of the Dniester estuary water in the summer of 2003–2019 are considered as consequences of the river discharge decreasing due to long-term climatic changes over Europe and man regulation of river flow.

Air flow and turbulence over complex terrain: a colloquium and a computational workshop

1991 ◽  
Vol 227 ◽  
pp. 667-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. R. Hunt ◽  
F. Tampieri ◽  
W. S. Weng ◽  
D. J. Carruthers
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Buoyancy Frequency ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Doppler Sodar ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

The third Euromech Colloquium on this topic was held at FISBAT in Bologna in August 1990, in succession to those in 1979 at Munich (No. 113) and 1983 at Delphi (No. 173). About 30 participants came from 10 countries. At the Colloquium it became clear that there have been some significant developments since 1983 in theoretical analysis, computational modelling and field experiments, with new kinds of measurement. As well as papers on improvements in the quantification and understanding of the main, well-known features of these flows, there were also papers on phenomena that had not previously been studied; for example new computations of flows over undulating surfaces driven by buoyancy forces, caused by heating the surface, showed that secondary flows are produced with vorticity parallel to the undulations, while wind tunnel experiments on flows perpendicular to the crests showed secondary flow with vorticity perpendicular to the crests, and with a scale consistent with Craik's (1982) theory which predicted these novel kinds of Langmuir cells. The magnitude of the net drag force on undulating surfaces in neutrally stratified turbulent flows now appears to be moderately well established by different methods, including computations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical analyses. These have clarified the relative magnitudes of a number of contributing mechanisms. The role of Coriolis accelerations (f) in atmospheric flow over simple terrain features (lengthscale L, height H) on the mesoscale (order 30 km upwards) is now better understood. For stratified air flow impinging onto hills rising from a flat plain the Rossby radius (lR = HN/f) is the relevant lengthscale (where N is the buoyancy frequency), but in neutral or convective conditions, such as those which occur when southerly winds are channelled down the Rhine valley, the turning of the wind on a scale of the terrain less than the Rossby radius can also be significantly influenced by Coriolis accelerations.The recent field measurements by Doppler-sodar (which are installed in several French power stations) produce useful data for comparing with computational models; they also emphasize the need to solve the theoretical question of how best to combine model calculations and measurements within the flow field that exceed the number required to specify the flow in the model. Models of the mean flow and the turbulence have improved to the extent that they can be used in other scientific and practical problems, such as being incorporated into models of dispersion of pollutants, or in models of microphysics and chemical processes in polluted clouds over hills.Following the Colloquium an ERCOFTACt Workshop was held in which the computer codes of such models were presented and compared in detail. It was decided that i t is necessary to have a systematic intercomparison of such codes, and also detailed comparisons with the extensive sets of data now available from recent field and laboratory experiments.The wide range of scales that occur in these complex atmospheric flows (10−2 m to 105 m) all have to be considered and calculated in detail, because simple assumptions about the flow (such as that the mean velocity has a logarithmic profile up to a significant height above the surface) are erroneous. Computational models were described that range in complexity from those based on analytical solutions (at low computational cost) to those based on solving discretized equations with large variations in grid sizes to accommodate the range of scales. Novel interactive software was used that enables graphs from different models to be requested and then rapidly displayed simultaneously on a screen for comparisons to be made. This software opens out significant new possibilities for scientific meetings and workshops involving computational fluid dynamics.

The Concurrent Validity of the Minnesota Child Development Inventory as a Measure of Young Children's Language Development

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bruce Tomblin ◽  
Cynthia M. Shonrock ◽  
James C. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Receptive Language ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Language Measure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Child Development Inventory ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance

The extent to which the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI), could be used to estimate levels of language development in 2-year-old children was examined. Fifty-seven children between 23 and 28 months were given the Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (SICD), and at the same time a parent completed the MCDI. In addition the mean length of utterance (MLU) was obtained for each child from a spontaneous speech sample. The MCDI Expressive Language scale was found to be a strong predictor of both the SICD Expressive scale and MLU. The MCDI Comprehension-Conceptual scale, presumably a receptive language measure, was moderately correlated with the SICD Receptive scale; however, it was also strongly correlated with the expressive measures. These results demonstrated that the Expressive Language scale of the MCDI was a valid predictor of expressive language for 2-year-old children. The MCDI Comprehension-Conceptual scale appeared to assess both receptive and expressive language, thus complicating its interpretation.

A Comparison of Physiological Demand between Self-Propelled and Motorized Treadmill Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Todd Backes ◽  
Charlene Takacs
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mixing Chamber ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Computer Controlled

There are a wide range of options for individuals to choose from in order to engage in aerobic exercise; from outdoor running to computer controlled and self-propelled treadmills. Recently, self-propelled treadmills have increased in popularity and provide an alternative to a motorized treadmill. Twenty subjects (10 men, 10 women) ranging in age from 19-23 with a mean of 20.4 ± 0.8 SD were participants in this study. The subjects visited the laboratory on three occasions. The purpose of the first visit was to familiarize the subject with the self-propelled treadmill (Woodway Curve 3.0). The second visit, subjects were instructed to run on the self-propelled treadmill for 3km at a self-determined pace. Speed data were collected directly from the self-propelled treadmill. The third visit used speed data collected during the self-propelled treadmill run to create an identically paced 3km run for the subjects to perform on a motorized treadmill (COSMED T150). During both the second and third visit, oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) data were collected with COSMED’s Quark cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) metabolic mixing chamber system. The VO2 mean value for the self-propelled treadmill (44.90 ± 1.65 SE ml/kg/min) was significantly greater than the motorized treadmill (34.38 ± 1.39 SE ml/kg/min). The mean R value for the self-propelled treadmill (0.91 ± 0.01 SE) was significantly greater than the motorized treadmill (0.86 ± 0.01 SE). Our study demonstrated that a 3km run on a self-propelled treadmill does elicit a greater physiological response than a 3km run at on a standard motorized treadmill. Self-propelled treadmills provide a mode of exercise that offers increased training loads and should be considered as an alternative to motorized treadmills.

The way of value of Correlation of genomic DNA microsatellite loci and live weight of Chukchi reindeer

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
V. Dodokhov ◽  
N. Pavlova ◽  
T. Rumyantseva ◽  
L. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dna Microsatellite

The article presents the genetic characteristic of the Chukchi reindeer breed. The object of the study was of the Chukchi reindeer. In recent years, the number of reindeer of the Chukchi breed has declined sharply. Reduced reindeer numbers could lead to biodiversity loss. The Chukchi breed of deer has good meat qualities, has high germination viability and is adapted in adverse tundra conditions of Yakutia. Herding of the Chukchi breed of deer in Yakutia are engaged only in the Nizhnekolymsky district. There are four generic communities and the largest of which is the agricultural production cooperative of nomadic tribal community «Turvaurgin», which was chosen to assess the genetic processes of breed using microsatellite markers: Rt6, BMS1788, Rt 30, Rt1, Rt9, FCB193, Rt7, BMS745, C 143, Rt24, OheQ, C217, C32, NVHRT16, T40, C276. It was found that microsatellite markers have a wide range of alleles and generally have a high informative value for identifying of genetic differences between animals and groups of animal. The number of identified alleles is one of the indicators of the genetic diversity of the population. The total number of detected alleles was 127. The Chukchi breed of deer is characterized by a high level of heterozygosity, and the random crossing system prevails over inbreeding in the population. On average, there were 7.9 alleles (Na) per locus, and the mean number of effective alleles (Ne) was 4.1. The index of fixation averaged 0.001. The polymorphism index (PIC) ranged from 0.217 to 0.946, with an average of 0.695.

Celiac Disease in Kosovar Albanian Children: Evaluation of Clinical Features and Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Atifete Ramosaj-Morina ◽  
Alije Keka-Sylaj ◽  
Arbana Baloku Zejnullahu ◽  
Lidvana Spahiu ◽  
Virgjina Hasbahta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Classical Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

Background: Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by variable clinical manifestations, specific antibodies, HLA-DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes, and enteropathy. Objectives: The aim of this study was to present the clinical spectrum and patterns of celiac disease in Kosovar Albanian children. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed with Albanian children aged 0-18 years, treated for celiac disease in the Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo from 2005 to 2016. Results: During the study period, 63 children were treated for celiac disease. The mean age at diagnosis was 5.5 years (SD ± 3.31). The mean age at celiac disease onset was 3.3 years (SD ± 2.02), while the mean delay from the first symptoms indicative of celiac disease to diagnosis was 2.2 years (SD ± 2.09). More than 70% of the patients were diagnosed in the first 7 years of life, mainly presented with gastrointestinal symptoms, while primary school children and adolescents mostly showed atypical symptoms (p<0.001). The classical form of celiac disease occurred in 78% of the cases. Sixty (95%) patients carried HLA-DQ2.5, DQ2.2 and/or HLA-DQ8 heterodimers, and only three of them tested negative. Conclusions: Kosovo, as the majority of developing countries, is still facing the classical form of celiac disease as the dominant mode of presentation; as a result, most children with other forms of the celiac disease remain undiagnosed. : Physicians should be aware of the wide range of clinical presentations and utilize low testing thresholds in order to prevent potential long-term problems associated with untreated celiac disease.

Descriptive statistics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Gelman ◽  
Deborah Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
World Record ◽  
Linear Combinations ◽  
Record Times ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Statistics Course ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
Economic Indexes ◽  
The Mean

Descriptive statistics is the typical starting point for a statistics course, and it can be tricky to teach because the material is more difficult than it first appears. The activities in this chapter focus more on the topics of data displays and transformations, rather than the mean, median, and standard deviation, which are covered easily in a textbook and on homework assignments. Specific topics include: distributions and handedness scores; extrapolation of time series and world record times for the mile run; linear combinations and economic indexes; scatter plots and exam scores; and logarithmic transformations and metabolic rates.

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