Effects of the amount of stubble mulch and overland flow on erosion of a cracking clay soil under simulated rain

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Loch ◽  
TE Donnollan
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Bed Load ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Load Sediment

A field study by using simulated rain and run-on water was carried out to determine the effects of different amounts of wheat stubble mulch (ranging from 0.1 to 3 t ha-1) and increasing discharge on erosion. Rain-flow erosion decreased with increasing amounts of stubble. Concentrations of bed-load sediment carried by rain-flow decreased with increasing plot discharge. As discharges increased, overland flow probably became too deep for drop impact to effectively disturb the soil surface and entrain sediment. Only plots carrying 0.1 t ha-1 stubble showed definite scour by overland flow. However, sediment concentrations produced by scour were well below those measured in rill flow on bare soil at this site, showing that even very small rates of stubble mulch can, in some situations, significantly reduce erosion. Discharges at which rilling develops fully must be much larger than those at which scour by overland flow is initiated. Future work will need to consider discharges much larger than those used in this study.

Field rainfall simulator studies on two clay soils of the Darling Downs, Queensland. II. Aggregate Breakdpwn, sediment properties and soil erodibility

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Loch ◽  
TE Donnollan
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Bed Load ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Load Sediment

Size distributions of the solids in runoff water were measured for two clay soils subjected to simulated rain under a range of plot lengths and two tillage orientations. Selective transport did not appear to have affected the sediment size distributions. Therefore, these could be used as a measure of soil structure and aggregate breakdown by rainfall and runoff. There was little dispersed clay, most of the sediment remaining aggregated. For each soil, sediment size distributions were bimodal, peaks in sediment size being related to orders of aggregation in each soil. Concentrations of dispersed clay provide evidence that stresses on aggregates moved by rain impact on flowing water were greater than on those moved in rills by flowing water alone. Consistent with this, sediment size distributions showed much less breakdown to sizes <0.125 mm in rills. Suspended load (sediment < 20 �m) showed little temporal fluctuation, and little or no decrease with time, suggesting that for these soils, aggregate disruption by raindrops and overland flow provides a continuous source of suspendable material. Bed-load was more variable and saltating and contact load appeared to be complementary to some extent. Large differences between the two soils in measured sediment concentrations could not be explained by slight differences in sediment size. However, large differences between the soils in the water content and density of saturated aggregates were found. Transport equations for bed-load sediment suggest that the measured difference in aggregate density is sufficient to explain the difference between the soils in rates of sediment transport.

scholarly journals Investigation of Soil Erosion from Bare Steep Slopes of the Humid Tropic Philippines

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Presbitero ◽  
C. W. Rose ◽  
B. Yu ◽  
C. A. A. Ciesiolka ◽  
K. J. Coughlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
State College ◽  
Erosion Processes

Abstract At the Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA) on the island of Leyte in the Philippines, hydrologic and soil-loss measurements were recorded for 32 erosion events over 3 yr on three 12-m-long bare soil plots with slopes of approximately 50%, 60%, and 70%. Measurements included rainfall and runoff rates at 1-min intervals, total soil lost per event from the plot, rill details when observed after an erosion event, and soil settling-velocity characteristics. Storm events are characterized by high rainfall rates but quite low rates of runoff, because of the consistently high infiltration rate of the stable clay soil (an Oxic Dystropept). Both observation and modeling indicated that overland flow is commonly so shallow that much of the soil surface is likely to be unsubmerged. For the 70% slope plot, half the events recorded mean sediment concentrations from 100 to 570 kg m−3. A somewhat constant hydrologic lag between rainfall and runoff is used to estimate a Manning’s roughness coefficient n of about 0.1 m−1/3 s, a value used to estimate velocity of overland flow. Possible effects of shallow flows and high sediment concentrations on existing erosion theory are investigated theoretically but are found to have only minor effects for the ViSCA dataset. A soil erodibility parameter β was evaluated for the data whenever rilling was recorded following an erosion event. The values of β indicate that, except for events with higher stream powers, other erosion processes in addition to overland flow could have contributed to soil loss from erosion plots in a significant number of events.

scholarly journals Relative Transportability for Non-uniform Bed Load Sediment Transport

2018 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 042006
Author(s):  
Li Zhijing ◽  
Li Dazhi ◽  
Liu Xiaobin ◽  
Jin Zhongwu ◽  
Chen Dasong
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Bed Load ◽  
Load Sediment

EFFECT OF CANOPY AND INCORPORATION ON METRIBUZIN PERSISTENCE IN SOILS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. N. JENSEN ◽  
E. R. KIMBALL ◽  
J. A. IVANY
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Row Width ◽  
Sampling Zone

The half-life of metribuzin applied to a bare soil surface was calculated to be 3–7 d over four field tests. An artificial cover erected after application or a shallow incorporation increased the half-life of metribuzin approximately 2.5- to 3-fold. Leaching out of the 0- to 5-cm-deep sampling zone could not account for loss of metribuzin. It was concluded that metribuzin persistence may be affected by volatility and/or photodecomposition losses under field conditions, especially shortly after application. Key words: Metribuzin half-life, volatility, photodecomposition, row width

Residual Large Trees Influence Short-term Succession Following a Volcanic Eruption in a Valdivian Temperate Rainforest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Hintz ◽  
Dylan Fischer ◽  
Nina Ferrari ◽  
Charlie M.S. Crisafulli
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Vegetation Response ◽  
Temperate Rainforest ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Disturbed Forest

Abstract Airborne volcanic ejecta (tephra) can strongly influence forest ecosystems through initial disturbance processes and subsequent ecological response. Within a tephra-disturbed forest, large trees may promote plant growth and create favorable sites for colonization. Three primary ways trees can influence post-eruption vegetation response include: 1) amelioration of volcanic substrates, 2) as source propagules from the tree or from associated epiphytes, and 3) by sheltering understory vegetation, thereby increasing rate of recovery near tree bases. Here, we evaluate Valdivian temperate rainforest understory vegetation response and soil characteristics in close proximity to large trees that survived the 2015 eruption of Calbuco Volcano. Understory vegetative cover was higher near the base of trees for mosses, many epiphytes, and some herbaceous, shrub, and trees species. However, significant interactions with year of measurement, and individualistic responses by many species made generalizations more difficult. Small shrubs and trees in particular demonstrated patterns of recovery that were frequently independent of distance. In some cases, percent cover of colonizing vegetation actually increased far from trees by 2019. The soil surface was similarly variable where bare soil cover was associated with locations proximal to tree bases, but material shed from living and dead standing vegetation increased wood and litter abundances on the soil surface away from the base of trees. Soils near trees had lower pH, elevated organic matter, and higher nitrogen and carbon. Our results support the assertion that in this temperate rainforest ecosystem, large trees can modify edaphic conditions and provide important early refugia for vegetative regrowth following a tephra fall event. Nevertheless, complex interactions through time with species and growth form, suggest the influence of large trees on plant establishment and growth with close proximity tree boles is more complex than a simple facilitative model might suggest.

A physically-based soil surface model and its combination with numerical models for predicting bare-soil evaporation rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaocheng Liu ◽  
Chenming Zhang ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
David Lockington ◽  
Ling Li
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Surface Resistance ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Vapor Flow ◽  
Physically Based

&lt;p&gt;Estimation of evaporation rates from soils is significant for environmental, hydrological, and agricultural purposes. Modeling of the soil surface resistance is essential to estimate the evaporation rates from bare soil. Empirical surface resistance models may cause large deviations when applied to different soils. A physically-based soil surface model is developed to calculate the surface resistance, which can consider evaporation on the soil surface when soil is fully saturated and the vapor flow below the soil surface after dry layer forming on the top. Furthermore, this physically-based expression of the surface resistance is added into a numerical model that considers the liquid water transport, water vapor transport, and heat transport during evaporation. The simulation results are in good agreement with the results from six soil column drying experiments.&amp;#160; This numerical model can be applied to predict or estimate the evaporation rate of different soil and saturation at different depths during evaporation.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SOIL TILLAGE AND PLANT RESIDUE ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF AN OXISOL UNDER SIMULATED RAIN

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elói Panachuki ◽  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Teodorico Alves Sobrinho ◽  
Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira ◽  
Dulce Buchala Bicca Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Roughness Index ◽  
Simulated Rain

Surface roughness of the soil is formed by mechanical tillage and is also influenced by the kind and amount of plant residue, among other factors. Its persistence over time mainly depends on the fundamental characteristics of rain and soil type. However, few studies have been developed to evaluate these factors in Latossolos (Oxisols). In this study, we evaluated the effect of soil tillage and of amounts of plant residue on surface roughness of an Oxisol under simulated rain. Treatments consisted of the combination of the tillage systems of no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), and minimum tillage (MT) with rates of plant residue of 0, 1, and 2 Mg ha-1 of oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) and 0, 3, and 6 Mg ha-1 of maize (Zea mays L.). Seven simulated rains were applied on each experimental plot, with intensity of 60±2 mm h-1 and duration of 1 h at weekly intervals. The values of the random roughness index ranged from 2.94 to 17.71 mm in oats, and from 5.91 to 20.37 mm in maize, showing that CT and MT are effective in increasing soil surface roughness. It was seen that soil tillage operations carried out with the chisel plow and the leveling disk harrow are more effective in increasing soil roughness than those carried out with the heavy disk harrow and leveling disk harrow. The roughness index of the soil surface decreases exponentially with the increase in the rainfall volume applied under conditions of no tillage without soil cover, conventional tillage, and minimum tillage. The oat and maize crop residue present on the soil surface is effective in maintaining the roughness of the soil surface under no-tillage.

scholarly journals Sulfentrazone efficiency on Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as influenced by rain and sugarcane straw

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M Correia ◽  
E.H Camilo ◽  
E.A Santos
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Rain Simulation

The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of sulfentrazone applied in pre-emergence in controlling Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as a function of the time interval between herbicide application and the occurrence of rain, and the presence of sugarcane straw on the soil surface. Two greenhouse experiments and one field experiment were conducted. For the greenhouse experiments, the study included three doses of sulfentrazone applied by spraying 0, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ha-1, two amounts of straw on the soil (0 and 10 t ha-1), and five time intervals between the application of herbicide and rain simulation (0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 days). In the field experiment, five herbicide treatments (sulfentrazone at 0.6 and 0.9 kg ha-1, sulfentrazone + hexazinone at 0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1, amicarbazone at 1.4 kg ha-1, and imazapic at 0.147 kg ha-1) and two controls with no herbicide were studied. Management conditions with or without sugarcane straw on the soil were also assessed. From the greenhouse experiments, sulfentrazone application at 0.6 kg ha-1 was found to provide for the efficient control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit in a dry environment, with up to 90 days between herbicide application and rain simulation. After herbicide application, 20 mm of simulated rain was enough to leach sulfentrazone from the straw to the soil, as the biological effects observed in I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit remained unaffected. Under field conditions, either with or without sugarcane straw left on the soil, sulfentrazone alone (0.6 or 0.9 kg ha-1) or sulfentrazone combined with hexazinone (0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1) was effective in the control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit, exhibiting similar or better control than amicarbazone (1.4 kg ha-1) and imazapic (0.147 kg ha-1).

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